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Independent invention may refer to: Independent inventor , a person who creates inventions independently, rather than for an employer Multiple discovery , the hypothesis that most scientific discoveries and inventions are made independently and more or less simultaneously by multiple scientists and inventors
An independent inventor is a person who creates inventions independently, rather than for an employer. [1] Many independent inventors patent their inventions so that they have rights over them, and hope to earn income from selling or licensing them. Usually inventions made in the course of employment are ultimately owned by the employer; this ...
Multiple independent discovery and invention, like discovery and invention generally, have been fostered by the evolution of means of communication: roads, vehicles, sailing vessels, writing, printing, institutions of education, reliable postal services, [12] telegraphy, and mass media, including the internet.
However, discoveries and inventions are inextricably related, in that discoveries lead to inventions, and inventions facilitate discoveries; and since the same phenomenon of multiplicity occurs in relation to both discoveries and inventions, this article lists both multiple discoveries and multiple inventions.
Carl Ritter was born in Quedlinburg, one of the six children of a doctor, F. W. Ritter.. Ritter's father died when he was two. At the age of five, he was enrolled in the Schnepfenthal Salzmann School, a school focused on the study of nature (apparently influenced by Jean-Jacques Rousseau's writings on children's education).
Based on their survey, Baragheh et al. attempted to formulate a multidisciplinary definition and arrived at the following: "Innovation is the multi-stage process whereby organizations transform ideas into new/improved products, service or processes, in order to advance, compete and differentiate themselves successfully in their marketplace" [8]
The "independent inventions" approach, as shown in the previous paragraph, implies that both the field of use and the inventive step of the two inventions are different. However, as explained below, in the USPTO's current practice either the field of use or the inventive step of the two inventions suffice to be different to find the lack of unity.
Geography is an all-encompassing discipline that seeks an understanding of Earth and its human and natural complexities—not merely where objects are, but also how they have changed and come to be. While geography is specific to Earth, many concepts can be applied more broadly to other celestial bodies in the field of planetary science. [2]