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Civil rights cases concluded in U.S. district courts, by disposition, 1990–2006 [1]. Discovery, in the law of common law jurisdictions, is a phase of pretrial procedure in a lawsuit in which each party, through the law of civil procedure, can obtain evidence from other parties.
Civil discovery under United States federal law is wide-ranging and can involve any material which is relevant to the case except information which is privileged, information which is the work product of the opposing party, or certain kinds of expert opinions. (Criminal discovery rules may differ from those discussed here.)
A civil investigative demand (CID) is a discovery tool used by a number of executive agencies in the United States to obtain information relevant to an investigation. By contrast with other discovery mechanisms, CIDs are typically issued before a complaint has been filed by the government in order to commence a lawsuit against the recipient of the CID. [1]
Early federal and state civil procedure in the United States was rather ad hoc and was based on traditional common law procedure but with much local variety. There were varying rules that governed different types of civil cases such as "actions" at law or "suits" in equity or in admiralty; these differences grew from the history of "law" and "equity" as separate court systems in English law.
In 1974, the California Supreme Court ordered the legislature to create the discovery system, ending the state's experiment with judicial discovery rule-making. [4] [5] In 1970, the United States Supreme Court first set down principles in terms of the constitutionality of discovery rules. In Williams v.
Pursuant to California Rule of Court 3-1345 a motion to compel must include the following parts: (c) Contents of separate statement A separate statement is a separate document filed and served with the discovery motion that provides all the information necessary to understand each discovery request and all the responses to it that are at issue.
The inevitable discovery doctrine was first adopted by the United States Supreme Court in Nix v. Williams in 1984. [2] [3] In that case, Williams, the defendant, challenged the admissibility of evidence about the location and condition of the victim's body, given that it had been obtained from him in violation of his Sixth Amendment right to counsel.
The Uniform Interstate Depositions and Discovery Act (UIDDA) is a model statute adopted by a majority of U.S. states to establish a uniform process for obtaining depositions and discovery in concert with other participating states.
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