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A biofilm is a syntrophic community of microorganisms in which cells stick to each other and often also to a surface. [2] [3] These adherent cells become embedded within a slimy extracellular matrix that is composed of extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs).
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This process creates a three-dimensional polymer network that acts as the biofilm matrix and encloses the bacteria. [9] In this stage, EPS prevent bacterial cells from moving, keeping them in long-term close contact and allowing interactions such as cell-to-cell communication and horizontal gene transfer to occur. [ 9 ]
Access to the previously invisible world opened the eyes and the minds of the researchers of the seventeenth century. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek investigated diverse bacteria of various shapes, fungi, and protozoa, which he called animalcules, mainly from water, mud, and dental plaque samples, and discovered biofilms as a first indication of microorganisms interacting within complex communities.
A microbial mat is a multi-layered sheet or biofilm of microbial colonies, composed of mainly bacteria and/or archaea. Microbial mats grow at interfaces between different types of material, mostly on submerged or moist surfaces , but a few survive in deserts. [ 1 ]
[3] "smart release" nanocarriers that can penetrate biofilms and be triggered by pathogenic microenvironments to deliver drugs or multifunctional compounds, such as catalytic nanoparticles to aptamers, dendrimers, and bioactive peptides) have been developed to disrupt the EPS and the viability or metabolic activity of the embedded bacteria.
Quizlet hired Matt Glotzbach as CEO in May 2016 and launched a redesign in August 2016. [14] Also in 2016, Quizlet launched "Quizlet Live", a real-time online matching game where teams compete to answer all 12 questions correctly without an incorrect answer along the way. [15] In 2017, Quizlet created a premium offering called "Quizlet Go ...
[17] [18] The normal pH range of saliva is between 6 and 7 and plaque biofilm is known to flourish in a pH between 6.7 and 8.3. [19] [20] This indicates that the natural environment of the mouth provided by saliva is ideal for the growth of bacteria in the dental plaque.