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Group → 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18; ↓ Period 1: H 2 20.271 K (−252.879 °C) He 4.222 K (−268.928 °C) 2: Li 1603 K (1330 °C) Be 2742 K ...
The boiling points of the carbon group tend to get lower with the heavier elements. At standard pressure, carbon, the lightest carbon group element, sublimes at 3825 °C. Silicon's boiling point is 3265 °C, germanium's is 2833 °C, tin's is 2602 °C, and lead's is 1749 °C. Flerovium is predicted to boil at −60 °C.
Carbon is the sixth element, with a ground-state electron configuration of 1s 2 2s 2 2p 2, of which the four outer electrons are valence electrons. Its first four ionisation energies, 1086.5, 2352.6, 4620.5 and 6222.7 kJ/mol, are much higher than those of the heavier group-14 elements.
The symmetry of a carbon dioxide molecule is linear and centrosymmetric at its equilibrium geometry. The length of the carbon–oxygen bond in carbon dioxide is 116.3 pm, noticeably shorter than the roughly 140 pm length of a typical single C–O bond, and shorter than most other C–O multiply bonded functional groups such as carbonyls. [19]
It is a metalloid (more rarely considered a metal) in the carbon group that is chemically similar to its group neighbors silicon and tin. Like silicon, germanium naturally reacts and forms complexes with oxygen in nature. Because it seldom appears in high concentration, germanium was found comparatively late in the discovery of the elements.
As quoted in an online version of: David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 84th Edition.CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 4, Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds; Physical Properties of the Rare Earth Metals
Group: group 2 (alkaline earth metals) Period: period 4: Block s-block: Electron configuration 4s 2: Electrons per shell: 2, 8, 8, 2: Physical properties; Phase at STP: solid: Melting point: 1115 K (842 °C, 1548 °F) Boiling point: 1757 K (1484 °C, 2703 °F) Density (at 20° C) 1.526 g/cm 3 [4] when liquid (at m.p.) 1.378 g/cm 3 : Heat of fusion
Water boiling at 99.3 °C (210.8 °F) at 215 m (705 ft) elevation. The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals the pressure surrounding the liquid [1] [2] and the liquid changes into a vapor.