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A group of physicians in an image from the Vienna Dioscurides; Galen is depicted top center. In his time, Galen's reputation as both physician and philosopher was legendary, [81] the emperor Marcus Aurelius describing him as "Primum sane medicorum esse, philosophorum autem solum" (first among doctors and unique among philosophers Praen 14: 660).
Galen produced more work than any author in antiquity, [1] His surviving work runs to over 2.6 million words, and many more of his writings are now lost. [1]Karl Gottlob Kühn of Leipzig (1754–1840) published an edition of 122 of Galen's writings between 1821 and 1833.
The Cambridge Illustrated History of Medicine (2001) excerpt and text search excerpt and text search; Singer, Charles, and E. Ashworth Underwood. A Short History of Medicine (2nd ed. 1962) Watts, Sheldon. Disease and Medicine in World History (2003), 166pp online Archived 26 September 2017 at the Wayback Machine
In 166, Galen returned to Pergamon, but went back to Rome for good in 169. Galen followed Hippocrates' theory of the four humours, believing that one's health depended on the balance between the four main fluids of the body (blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm). Food was believed to be the initial object that allowed the stabilization of ...
Galen also made the mistake of assuming that the circulatory system was entirely open-ended. [16] Galen believed that all blood was absorbed by the body and had to be regenerated via the liver using food and water. [17] Galen viewed the cardiovascular system as a machine in which blood acts as fuel rather than a system that constantly ...
Doctors learned through private courses from other doctors, their relatives, in the city of Alexandria, or through self-teaching. Charlatans and malpractice were common in ancient Rome, as any individual, regardless of their training or qualifications could practice medicine. [4] This resulted in the general public becoming distrustful of doctors.
Researchers have been making breakthroughs in addiction medicine for decades. But attempts to integrate science into treatment policy have been repeatedly stymied by scaremongering politics. In the early 1970s, the Nixon administration promoted methadone maintenance to head off what was seen as a brewing public health crisis.
Better knowledge of the original writings of Galen in particular, developed into the learned medicine tradition through the more open attitudes of Renaissance humanism. Religious control of the teachings of the medical profession and universities diminished, and dissection was more often possible.