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Internal energy (abbreviated E or U), the total kinetic energy due to the motion of molecules (translational, rotational, vibrational) and the total potential energy associated with the vibrational and electric energy of atoms within molecules. Negative energy; Energy conversion, process of converting energy from one form to another
The Heisenberg uncertainty principle allows the energy to be as large as needed to promote quantum actions for a brief moment of time, even if the average energy is small enough to satisfy relativity and flat space. To cope with disagreements, the vacuum energy is described as a virtual energy potential of positive and negative energy. [93]
For N fermions with spin-1 ⁄ 2 in the box, no more than two particles can have the same energy, i.e., two particles can have the energy of , two other particles can have energy and so forth. The two particles of the same energy have spin 1 ⁄ 2 (spin up) or − 1 ⁄ 2 (spin down), leading to two states for each energy level.
Mass–energy emitted as gravitational waves during the most energetic black hole merger observed until 2020 (GW170729) [309] 8.8×10 47 J GRB 080916C – formerly the most powerful gamma-ray burst (GRB) ever recorded – total/true [ 310 ] isotropic energy output estimated at 8.8 × 10 47 joules (8.8 × 10 54 erg), or 4.9 times the Sun's mass ...
The electric field of such a uniformly moving point charge is hence given by: [25] = () /, where is the charge of the point source, is the position vector from the point source to the point in space, is the ratio of observed speed of the charge particle to the speed of light and is the angle between and the observed velocity of the charged ...
Vector field (blue) and its associated scalar potential field (red). Point P between earth and moon is the point of equilibrium. In physics, a gravitational field or gravitational acceleration field is a vector field used to explain the influences that a body extends into the space around itself. [6]
The stress–energy tensor, sometimes called the stress–energy–momentum tensor or the energy–momentum tensor, is a tensor physical quantity that describes the density and flux of energy and momentum in spacetime, generalizing the stress tensor of Newtonian physics. It is an attribute of matter, radiation, and non-gravitational force fields.
For an object at rest, the energy–momentum four-vector is (E/c, 0, 0, 0): it has a time component, which is the energy, and three space components, which are zero. By changing frames with a Lorentz transformation in the x direction with a small value of the velocity v, the energy momentum four-vector becomes ( E / c , Ev / c 2 , 0, 0) .