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  2. Type introspection - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_introspection

    Two classes are created, A and B, the former is being a superclass of the latter, then one instance of each class is checked. The last expression gives true because A is a superclass of the class of b. Further, you can directly ask for the class of any object, and "compare" them (code below assumes having executed the code above):

  3. Singleton pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singleton_pattern

    A class diagram exemplifying the singleton pattern. In object-oriented programming, the singleton pattern is a software design pattern that restricts the instantiation of a class to a singular instance. It is one of the well-known "Gang of Four" design patterns, which describe how to solve recurring problems in object-oriented software. [1]

  4. Inheritance (object-oriented programming) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inheritance_(object...

    This is where one class serves as a superclass (base class) for more than one sub class. For example, a parent class, A, can have two subclasses B and C. Both B and C's parent class is A, but B and C are two separate subclasses. Hybrid inheritance Hybrid inheritance is when a mix of two or more of the above types of inheritance occurs.

  5. Duck typing - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duck_typing

    If a third-party library implements a class that cannot be modified, a client cannot use an instance of it with an interface unknown to that library even if the class satisfies the interface requirements. A common solution to this problem is the adapter pattern. In contrast, with duck typing, the object would be accepted directly without the ...

  6. Factory method pattern - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Factory_method_pattern

    Based on the type passed to the PersonFactory object, the original concrete object is returned as the interface IPerson. A factory method is just an addition to the PersonFactory class. It creates the object of the class through interfaces but also allows the subclass to decide which class is instantiated.

  7. Class-based programming - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Class-based_programming

    An object must be explicitly created based on a class and an object thus created is considered to be an instance of that class. An object is similar to a structure , with the addition of method pointers, member access control, and an implicit data member which locates instances of the class (i.e., objects of the class) in the class hierarchy ...

  8. Python (programming language) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Python_(programming_language)

    In Python, a variable name is a generic reference holder without a fixed data type; however, it always refers to some object with a type. This is called dynamic typing —in contrast to statically-typed languages, where each variable may contain only a value of a certain type.

  9. Name mangling - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Name_mangling

    Python's runtime does not restrict access to such attributes, the mangling only prevents name collisions if a derived class defines an attribute with the same name. On encountering name mangled attributes, Python transforms these names by prepending a single underscore and the name of the enclosing class, for example: >>>