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An example of Ibid. citations in use, from Justice by Michael J. Sandel.. Ibid. is an abbreviation for the Latin word ibīdem, meaning ' in the same place ', commonly used in an endnote, footnote, bibliography citation, or scholarly reference to refer to the source cited in the preceding note or list item.
This example is the most basic and includes unique references for each citation, showing the page numbers in the reference list. This repeats the citation, changing the page number. A disadvantage is that this can create a lot of redundant text in the reference list when a source is cited many times. So consider using one of the alternatives ...
chapter number or page numbers for the chapter (optional) In some instances, the verso of a book's title page may record, "Reprinted with corrections XXXX" or similar, where "XXXX" is a year. This is a different version of a book in the same way that different editions are different versions. Note this in your citation.
If two or more calls to {} use the same citation parameters, that is, if the author(s), year, and page number(s) are all identical, but there is some other difference, such as a use of pp= vs p=, or a use of ps= in one but not the other, this issue will arise. The solution is to make the calls identical.
Hence, Ibid. always stands alone in a citation and Id. always is followed by a page number or paragraph number. It is never correct (although Chicago Style Guide stupidly says otherwise) to have "ibid., 47" and it is never correct to just have id. — Preceding unsigned comment added by 40.133.175.219 15:29, 13 June 2017 (UTC)
Loc. cit. (Latin, short for loco citato, meaning "in the place cited") is a footnote or endnote term used to repeat the title and page number for a given work (and author). Loc. cit. is used in place of ibid. when the reference is not only to the work immediately preceding, but also refers to the same page.
Finding duplicate references by examining reference lists is difficult. There are some tools that can help: AutoWikiBrowser (AWB) will identify and (usually) correct exact duplicates between <ref>...</ref> tags. See the documentation. URL Extractor For Web Pages and Text can identify Web citations with the exact same URL but otherwise possibly ...
Citations can also be placed as external links, but these are not preferred because they are prone to link rot and usually lack the full information necessary to find the original source in cases of link rot.
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related to: ibid same page as website citation number