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An aircraft approach category is a grouping which differentiates aircraft based on the speed at which the aircraft approaches a runway for landing. They are used to determine airspace, obstacle clearance and visibility requirements for instrument approaches . [ 1 ] :
Approach speed. Speed used during final approach with landing flap set. [30] V REF plus safety increment, [31] [32] [33] typically minimum 5 knots, [34] and maximum 15 knots [30] to avoid exceeding flap limiting speeds. Typically it is calculated as half the headwind component plus the gust factor. [30]
The minimum control speed during approach and landing (V MCL) is similar to V MCA, but the aircraft configuration is the landing configuration. V MCL is defined for both part 23 <FAR 23.149 (c)> and part 25 aircraft in civil aviation regulations.
A geometric VNAV system, rather than calculating a path based on efficiency, calculates a path between waypoints either by selecting points to start descent to the next waypoint based on a predefined angle or descent rate - often 3 degrees or 1000 feet per minute - or by calculating the required angle between altitude or speed-constrained ...
Ground speed is just a pilot aid to estimate if the flight is on time, behind or ahead of schedule. It is not used for takeoff and landing purposes, since the imperative speed for a flying aircraft always is the speed against the wind. The Machmeter is, on subsonic aircraft, a warning indicator.
An "approach plate" depicting an instrument approach procedure for an ILS approach to Tacoma Narrows Airport in the United StatesIn aviation, an instrument approach or instrument approach procedure (IAP) is a series of predetermined maneuvers for the orderly transfer of an aircraft operating under instrument flight rules from the beginning of the initial approach to a landing, or to a point ...
An increase in weight increases the stall speed of the aircraft. Therefore, the landing approach speed increases as the aircraft's weight increases. The kinetic energy ( 1 / 2 mV 2) that has to be dissipated to stop an aircraft is a function of the mass of the aircraft and the square of its speed at touchdown. The kinetic energy ...
It has been widely misunderstood that flight below maneuvering speed will provide total protection from structural failure.In response to the destruction of American Airlines Flight 587, a CFR Final Rule was issued clarifying that "flying at or below the design maneuvering speed does not allow a pilot to make multiple large control inputs in one airplane axis or single full control inputs in ...