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2. Euler's formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler's_formula

   Euler's formula states that, for any real number x, one has = ⁡ + ⁡, where e is the base of the natural logarithm, i is the imaginary unit, and cos and sin are the trigonometric functions cosine and sine respectively. This complex exponential function is sometimes denoted cis x ("cosine plus i sine"). The formula is still valid if x is a ...

3. Trigonometric functions - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric_functions

   The sine and the cosine functions, for example, are used to describe simple harmonic motion, which models many natural phenomena, such as the movement of a mass attached to a spring and, for small angles, the pendular motion of a mass hanging by a string. The sine and cosine functions are one-dimensional projections of uniform circular motion.

4. List of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_trigonometric...

   A formula for computing the trigonometric identities for the one-third angle exists, but it requires finding the zeroes of the cubic equation 4x 3 − 3x + d = 0, where is the value of the cosine function at the one-third angle and d is the known value of the cosine function at the full angle.

5. Sine and cosine - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sine_and_cosine

   In mathematics, sine and cosine are trigonometric functions of an angle.The sine and cosine of an acute angle are defined in the context of a right triangle: for the specified angle, its sine is the ratio of the length of the side that is opposite that angle to the length of the longest side of the triangle (the hypotenuse), and the cosine is the ratio of the length of the adjacent leg to that ...

6. cis (mathematics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cis_(mathematics)

   x is the argument of the complex number (angle between line to point and x-axis in polar form). The notation is less commonly used in mathematics than Euler's formula, e ix, which offers an even shorter notation for cos x + i sin x, but cis(x) is widely used as a name for this function in software libraries.

7. Integration using Euler's formula - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integration_using_Euler's...

   Using Euler's formula, any trigonometric function may be written in terms of complex exponential functions, namely and and then integrated. This technique is often simpler and faster than using trigonometric identities or integration by parts , and is sufficiently powerful to integrate any rational expression involving trigonometric functions.

8. Jacobi–Anger expansion - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacobi–Anger_expansion

   In mathematics, the Jacobi–Anger expansion (or Jacobi–Anger identity) is an expansion of exponentials of trigonometric functions in the basis of their harmonics. It is useful in physics (for example, to convert between plane waves and cylindrical waves), and in signal processing (to describe FM signals).

9. Proofs of trigonometric identities - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proofs_of_trigonometric...

   For example, the sine of angle θ is defined as being the length of the opposite side divided by the length of the hypotenuse. The six trigonometric functions are defined for every real number, except, for some of them, for angles that differ from 0 by a multiple of the right angle (90°). Referring to the diagram at the right, the six ...