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  2. Transcription (biology) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcription_(biology)

    Regulation of transcription in mammals. An active enhancer regulatory region of DNA is enabled to interact with the promoter DNA region of its target gene by the formation of a chromosome loop. This can initiate messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II) bound to the promoter at the transcription start site of the gene. The ...

  3. Bacterial transcription - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription

    The sigma factor functions in aiding in promoter recognition, correct placement of RNA polymerase, and beginning unwinding at the start site. After the sigma factor performs its required function, it dissociates, while the catalytic portion remains on the DNA and continues transcription. [ 4 ]

  4. Untranslated region - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Untranslated_region

    The initiation codon is the start site of translation into protein. ... Animation: mRNA Synthesis (Transcription) (Quiz 1)". Anatomy and Physiology (7 ed.). McGraw Hill.

  5. Five prime untranslated region - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Five_prime_untranslated_region

    The 5′ UTR begins at the transcription start site and ends one nucleotide (nt) before the initiation sequence (usually AUG) of the coding region. In prokaryotes, the length of the 5′ UTR tends to be 3–10 nucleotides long, while in eukaryotes it tends to be anywhere from 100 to several thousand nucleotides long. [3]

  6. Transcriptional regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcriptional_regulation

    In the absence of other regulatory elements, a promoter's sequence-based affinity for RNA polymerases varies, which results in the production of different amounts of transcript. The variable affinity of RNA polymerase for different promoter sequences is related to regions of consensus sequence upstream of the transcription start site. The more ...

  7. Translation regulation by 5′ transcript leader cis-elements

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translation_regulation_by_5...

    Alterations in translation of mRNA into proteins rapidly modulates the proteome without changing upstream steps such as transcription, pre-mRNA splicing, and nuclear export. [1] The strict regulation of translation in both space and time is in part governed by cis-regulatory elements located in 5′ mRNA transcript leaders (TLs) and 3 ...

  8. Open reading frame - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_reading_frame

    That start codon (not necessarily the first) indicates where translation may start. The transcription termination site is located after the ORF, beyond the translation stop codon. If transcription were to cease before the stop codon, an incomplete protein would be made during translation. [3]

  9. Initiator element - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Initiator_element

    The initiator element (Inr) is the most common sequence found at the transcription start site of eukaryotic genes. It is a 17 bp element. Inr in humans was first explained and sequenced by two MIT biologists, Stephen T. Smale and David Baltimore in 1989. [2]

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