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Contraction band necrosis is a type of uncontrolled cell death unique to cardiac myocytes and thought to arise in reperfusion from hypercontraction, which results in sarcolemmal rupture. [ 1 ] It is a characteristic histologic finding of a recent myocardial infarction (heart attack) that was partially reperfused.
Phosphotungstic acid-haematoxylin staining demonstrating contraction band necrosis in an individual who had a myocardial infarction (heart attack). Phosphotungstic acid haematoxylin (PTAH) is a mix of haematoxylin with phosphotungstic acid, used in histology for staining.
Karyolysis is the culminating step in the process of necrosis. Necrosis is a form of cellular injury in which living tissue experiences irreversible damage through premature cell death. While both are forms of cell death, necrosis differs from apoptosis as an external factor triggers necrosis rather than it being a controlled and planned process.
These features can be recognized in cases where the perfusion was not restored; reperfused infarcts can have other hallmarks, such as contraction band necrosis. [25] These tables gives an overview of the histopathology seen in myocardial infarction by time after obstruction. [citation needed]
First, blood flowing back to cells brings this influx of calcium, and since calcium leads to muscle contraction, the irreversibly damaged cells contract, and since they’ve been irreversibly damaged, they get stuck like that and can’t relax. This shows up on histology as this characteristic contraction band necrosis.
Micrograph showing contraction band necrosis, a histopathologic finding of myocardial infarction (heart attack). Histopathology (compound of three Greek words: ἱστός histos 'tissue', πάθος pathos 'suffering', and -λογία-logia 'study of') is the microscopic examination of tissue in order to study the manifestations of disease.
Karyolysis (and contraction band necrosis) in myocardial infarction (heart attack) The nucleus changes in necrosis and characteristics of this change are determined by the manner in which its DNA breaks down: Karyolysis: the chromatin of the nucleus fades due to the loss of the DNA by degradation. [7]
These cellular changes are often accompanied by contraction band necrosis and mitochondrial swelling, which further compromise cardiac function. Preventive measures such as hypothermia , calcium antagonists , beta-blockers, and advanced surgical techniques aim to minimize myocardial stress and mitigate these pathological processes.