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Constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs) are mathematical questions defined as a set of objects whose state must satisfy a number of constraints or limitations. CSPs represent the entities in a problem as a homogeneous collection of finite constraints over variables , which is solved by constraint satisfaction methods.
Constraint satisfaction toolkits are software libraries for imperative programming languages that are used to encode and solve a constraint satisfaction problem. Cassowary constraint solver, an open source project for constraint satisfaction (accessible from C, Java, Python and other languages). Comet, a commercial programming language and toolkit
A constraint optimization problem (COP) is a constraint satisfaction problem associated to an objective function. An optimal solution to a minimization (maximization) COP is a solution that minimizes (maximizes) the value of the objective function. During the search of the solutions of a COP, a user can wish for:
An example constraint satisfaction problem; this problem is binary, and the constraints are represented by edges of this graph. A decomposition tree; for every edge of the original graph, there is a node that contains both its endpoints; all nodes containing a variable are connected
Every constraint satisfaction problem and subset of its variables defines a relation, which is composed by all tuples of values of the variables that can be extended to the other variables to form a solution. Technically, this relation is obtained by projecting the relation having the solutions as rows over the considered variables.
Karp's 21 NP-complete problems; List of NP-complete problems; 0–9. 1-planar graph; ... Constraint satisfaction problem; Crossing number (graph theory) Cycle rank; D.
In logic and computer science, the Boolean satisfiability problem ... constraint satisfaction problems, 0-1 integer programming. Finding a satisfying assignment
If the problem mandates that the constraints be satisfied, as in the above discussion, the constraints are sometimes referred to as hard constraints.However, in some problems, called flexible constraint satisfaction problems, it is preferred but not required that certain constraints be satisfied; such non-mandatory constraints are known as soft constraints.