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Exposure to particulate matter of less than 2.5 micrometers in diameter led to significant changes in ROS levels, indicating that particulate matter exposure was a causative agent of oxidative stress in Tigriopus japonicus. [42] In addition to aquatic invertebrates, negative effects of particulate matter have been noted in mammals as well.
This list contains the top 500 cities by PM2.5 annual mean concentration measurement as documented by the World Health Organization covering the period from 2010 to 2022. The January 2024 version of the WHO database contains results of ambient (outdoor) air pollution monitoring from almost 5,390 towns and cities in 63 countries.
Particulates or atmospheric particulate matter (see below for other names) are microscopic particles of solid or liquid matter suspended in the air.The term aerosol refers to the particulate/air mixture, as opposed to the particulate matter alone, [1] though it is sometimes defined as a subset of aerosol terminology. [2]
[1] [2] By default the least polluted cities which have fewest particulates in the air come first. Click on the arrows next to the table's headers to have the most polluted cities ranked first. Click on the arrows next to the table's headers to have the most polluted cities ranked first.
PM can be different sizes, such as PM 2.5 which are tiny particles of 2.5 microns in width or smaller, compared with PM 10 which are classified as 10 microns in diameter or less. A study in California found that increased exposure to PM 2.5 led to decreased sperm motility and increased abnormal morphology.
CiteairII stated that having an air quality index that would be easy to present to the general public was a major motivation, leaving aside the more complex question of a health-based index, which would require, for example, effects of combined levels of different pollutants. The main aim of the CAQI was to have an index that would encourage ...
A 2011 UK study estimates 90 deaths per year due to passenger vehicle PM. [31] In a 2006 publication, the U.S. Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) state that in 2002 about 1 per-cent of all PM 10 and 2 per-cent of all PM 2.5 emissions came from the exhaust of on-road motor vehicles (mostly from diesel engines). [32]
The following list of countries by air pollution sorts the countries of the world according to their average measured concentration of particulate matter in micrograms per cubic meter (μg/m 3). The World Health Organization's recommended limit is 5 micrograms per cubic meter, although there are also various national guideline values, which are ...