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Below is an example of bit-banging the I 2 C protocol as an I 2 C controller (master). The example is written in pseudo C . It illustrates all of the I 2 C features described before (clock stretching, arbitration, start/stop bit, ack/nack).
Some devices may expose such attributes in multiple "pages", as for example one page managing each power supply rail (maybe 3.3V, 5V, 12V, −12V, and a programmable supply supporting 1.0–1.8V). The device may set warning and fault limits, where crossing a limit will alert the host and possibly trigger fault recovery.
To prevent preemption of its technologies by aggressive patenting, the Wishbone specification includes examples of prior art, to prove its concepts are in the public domain. A device does not conform to the Wishbone specification unless it includes a data sheet that describes what it does, bus width, utilization, etc. Promoting reuse of a ...
Those modems are obsolete, having been replaced by modems which convert asynchronous data to synchronous forms, but similar synchronous telecommunications protocols survive in numerous block-oriented technologies such as the widely used IEEE 802.2 (Ethernet) link-level protocol. USARTs are still sometimes integrated with MCUs.
Asynchronous start-stop is the lower data-link layer used to connect computers to modems for many dial-up Internet access applications, using a second (encapsulating) data link framing protocol such as PPP to create packets made up out of asynchronous serial characters. The most common physical layer interface used is RS-232D.
Using a standardized interface and protocol allows systems-management software based on IPMI to manage multiple, disparate servers. As a message-based, hardware-level interface specification, IPMI operates independently of the operating system (OS) to allow administrators to manage a system remotely in the absence of an operating system or of the system management software.
The migration from PCI to PCI Express (PCIe) is an example. Modern high speed serial interfaces such as PCIe [2] [3] [4] send data several bits at a time using modulation/encoding techniques such as PAM4 which groups 2 bits at a time into a single symbol, and several symbols are still sent one at the time. This replaces PAM2 or non return to ...
The System Power Management Interface (SPMI) [1] is a high-speed, low-latency, bi-directional, two-wire serial bus suitable for real-time control of voltage and frequency scaled multi-core application processors and its power management of auxiliary components.