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Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is a condition in which there is compression of the nerves, arteries, or veins in the superior thoracic aperture, the passageway from the lower neck to the armpit, also known as the thoracic outlet. [1] There are three main types: neurogenic, venous, and arterial. [1]
The superior thoracic aperture is essentially a hole surrounded by a bony ring, through which several vital structures pass. It is bounded by: the first thoracic vertebra (T1) posteriorly; the first pair of ribs laterally, forming lateral C-shaped curves posterior to anterior; and the costal cartilage of the first rib and the superior border of the manubrium anteriorly.
The thoracic duct drains into the left subclavian vein, [3] near its junction with the left internal jugular vein.It carries lymph (water and solutes) from the lymphatic system, as well as chylomicrons or chyle, formed in the intestines from dietary fat and lipids, allowing these to enter the bloodstream; the products of fats and lipids can then be carried by the bloodstream to the hepatic ...
thoracic outlet syndrome: obliteration of radial pulse with manoeuvres Alexander's law: Gustav Alexander: neurology, neurosurgery, ENT: vestibular lesions: describes nystagmus in vestibular lesions Allen's test: Edgar Van Nuys Allen: vascular surgery, critical care [1] arterial supply of the hand: tests for presence of palmar ulnar-radial ...
Thoracic outlet syndrome: Occurs when nerves or blood vessels are compressed in the space between the first rib and the collarbone, causing symptoms such as pain in the neck, shoulder, or chest, along with arm weakness or numbness [41] Adverse effect from certain medications
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Pectoralis minor syndrome (PMS) is a condition related to thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) that results from the pectoralis minor muscle being too tight. [1] PMS results from the brachial plexus being compressed under the pectoralis minor [2] while TOS involves compression of the bundle above the clavicle. In most patients, the nerves are ...
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