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Austrian gold ducat depicting Kaiser Franz-Josef, c. 1910. The ducat (/ ˈ d ʌ k ə t /) coin was used as a trade coin in Europe from the later Middle Ages to the 19th century. Its most familiar version, the gold ducat or sequin containing around 3.5 grams (0.11 troy ounces) of 98.6% fine gold, originated in Venice in 1284 and gained wide international acceptance over the centuries.
The Hungarian and Dutch gold ducats, minted for centuries with a stable fineness, were esteemed trade coins. Other trade coins were the so-called silver trade dollars used by Mexico and the USA to buy South American or Chinese goods relatively cheaply.
17th century Dutch portugaleser, bearing a Cross of Christ 1679 Imperial city of Hamburg half-portugaleser, worth 5 ducats. The português attained such international prestige, particularly among the rich commercial cities of the Hanseatic League, that many realms and cities in northern Europe started minting their own versions of the coin, henceforth dubbed portugalesers or portugalösers ...
Although there is no information about coinage in what was the Duchy of Venice (a semi-independent entity within the Byzantine Empire from which the Republic of Venice originated), ancient historians such as Andrea Dandolo and Marin Sanudo mention that the privilege of coinage was given to Venice by the kings of Italy Rudolph II (in 921) and Berengar II (in 950); however, it is more likely ...
The Barbary slave trade involved the capture and selling of European slaves at slave markets in the largely independent Ottoman Barbary states. European slaves were captured by Barbary pirates in slave raids on ships and by raids on coastal towns from Italy to Ireland , coasts of Spain and Portugal , as far north as Iceland and into the Eastern ...
The ducat was the main currency of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies between 1816 and 1860. When the Congress of Vienna created the kingdom merging the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily, the ducat became at par a continuation of the Neapolitan ducat and the Sicilian piastra issued prior to 1816, although the Sicilian piastra had been subdivided into 240 grana.
Appetizers. Creamy Spinach and Artichoke Dip. Jalapeño & Cream Cheese Crispy Wontons. Parmesan Pastry Pups. Greek Spanakopita. Vegetable Bird's Nests with Soy Dipping Sauce
The last red złoty, the "insurgent ducat" of 1831. The red złoty was minted at 3.5 grams of gold. [4] There was also a silver złoty, worth 23.1 grams of silver. [4] In 1526 a monetary scale was introduced in which 1 złoty = 5 szóstaków (sixpences) = 10 trojaków (threepences) = 30 groszy = 90 szelągów (shillings) = 180 ternarów/trzeciaków = 540 denarów ().