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Mussolini regarded the war against Britain and France as a life-or-death struggle between opposing ideologies—fascism and the "plutocratic and reactionary democracies of the west"—describing the war as "the struggle of the fertile and young people against the sterile people moving to the sunset; it is the struggle between two centuries and ...
[4] In principle, the Italian bourgeoisie could count on Mussolini's support as long as it remained heroic. [2] However, Mussolini believed that the degeneration of capitalism away from its heroic stage was an inevitable result of economic individualism , and therefore argued that the supervision of the Fascist state was essential to enable ...
In addition, fascist anti-communism was linked to anti-Semitism and even anti-capitalism, because many fascists believed that communism and capitalism were both Jewish creations meant to undermine nation-states. The Nazis advocated the conspiracy theory that Jewish communists were working together with Jewish finance capital against Germany. [77]
Mussolini declared such economics as a "Third Alternative" to capitalism and Marxism that Italian fascism regarded as "obsolete doctrines". [72] For instance, he said in 1935 that orthodox capitalism no longer existed in the country.
Thus, fascist ideology included both pro-capitalist and anti-capitalist elements. [ 63 ] [ 64 ] As Sternhell et al. argue: [ 62 ] The Fascist revolution sought to change the nature of the relationship between the individual and the collective without destroying the impetus of economic activity –– the profit motive, or its foundation ...
The term indicated not only the difference between fascism and capitalism, but also between communism and fascism. In one of his last interviews before his death in 1945, Mussolini told journalist Ivanoe Fossani that "we are proletarian nations that rise up against the plutocrats" and that "I am more convinced than ever that the world can not ...
The term "red fascism" was also used in America during and leading up to the Cold War as an anti-communist slogan. In a September 18, 1939, editorial, The New York Times reacted to the signing of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact by declaring that "Hitlerism is brown communism, Stalinism is red fascism." [15] The editorial further opined:
Mussolini abandoned his proposed labor coalition with the socialists at the Third Fascist Congress (Nov. 7–10, 1921) in a conciliatory manner to appease the violent squadristi militias who strove to curtail the power of revolutionary socialists and labor unions. Nonetheless, by 1934, Mussolini began to reverse many of his market-maturity ...