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Subconjunctival bleeding, also known as subconjunctival hemorrhage or subconjunctival haemorrhage, is bleeding from a small blood vessel over the whites of the eye. It results in a red spot in the white of the eye. [1] There is generally little to no pain and vision is not affected. [2] [3] Generally only one eye is affected. [2]
A subconjunctival hemorrhage can often occur without any obvious cause or harm to the eye. A strong enough sneeze or cough can cause a blood vessel in the eye to burst. Hyphema is a result of blunt or penetrating trauma to the orbit that increases intraocular pressure, causing tears in the vessels of the ciliary body and iris .
It typically serves to provide lubrication for the eye through the production of mucus and tears. When infected with AHC, patients will experience painful, red eyes, swelling of the conjunctival tissue, and frequent mucus discharge from the eyes accompanied by excessive tearing and subconjunctival hemorrhaging.
Conjunctivitis and subconjunctival hemorrhage are two of the less serious but more common causes. Management includes assessing whether emergency action (including referral) is needed, or whether treatment can be accomplished without additional resources.
Symptoms range from dry eye, epiphora and irritation to localized pain, foreign body sensation, subconjunctival hemorrhage and ulceration. Symptoms are often made worse by vigorous blinking. Symptoms are often made worse by vigorous blinking.
Secondary hemorrhage, or rebleeding of the hyphema, is thought to worsen outcomes in terms of visual function and lead to complications such as glaucoma, corneal staining, optic atrophy, or vision loss. [1] Rebleeding occurs in 4–35% of hyphema cases and is a risk factor for glaucoma. [4]
Keratoconjunctivitis is frequently caused by viral infections in and around the eyes. A particularly common cause of this is the herpes simplex virus.In some people, the infection may become chronic and keratoconjunctivitis may present during flare-ups of variable frequency.
Choroidal hemorrhage and subretinal hemorrhage are less common than subconjunctival hemorrhage, but both have been reported to occur following intravitreal injection. [ 6 ] At least one study has noted that up to 8.6% of intravitreal injections may be administered in the incorrect eye.