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The perfect subjunctive can also be used in a wish for the future, but this use is described as 'archaic'. [15] quod dī ōmen averterint! (Cicero) [20] 'but may the gods avert this omen!' The imperfect and pluperfect subjunctive are used in wishes to represent an imagined or wished for situation or event which is no longer capable of ...
For other examples of this see Latin conditional clauses#Conditional clauses of comparison. In indirect questions in a historic context, an imperfect subjunctive usually represents the transformation of a present indicative. [347] In the examples below the imperfect subjunctive represents a situation which is contemporary with the main verb:
Examples of 'subjunctive' dependent clauses - secondary future Inner Meaning Outer Meaning Paradigm Latin example English translation Comment imperfect in imperfect future in future 'present subjunctive' neque quaerēs, ubī nocte dormiat, aut sī quaesieris, prō singulīs injūriīs nūmerābis praesentēs dēnāriōs dūcēnōs. (Petronius) [42]
A negative order can also use the perfect subjunctive: [8] dē mē nihil timuerīs [9] 'do not be afraid on my account' In later Latin, nē plus the present subjunctive became more common, for example in the Vulgate Bible. In the following example the first three verbs use the present subjunctive, and the third the perfect subjunctive:
The present subjunctive edim, edīs, edit etc. is found mostly in early Latin. In writing, there is a possibility of confusion between the forms of this verb and those of sum "I am" and ēdō "I give out, put forth"; for example, ēsse "to eat" vs. esse "to be"; edit "he eats" vs. ēdit "he gives out".
The subjunctive (also known as conjunctive in some languages) is a grammatical mood, a feature of an utterance that indicates the speaker's attitude toward it.Subjunctive forms of verbs are typically used to express various states of unreality such as wish, emotion, possibility, judgment, opinion, obligation, or action that has not yet occurred; the precise situations in which they are used ...
The following example is exceptional in that the imperfect subjunctive is used in the 'as if' clause, even though the main verb is primary: Egnātī absentis rem ut tueāre aequē ā tē petō ac sī mea negōtia essent velim (Cicero) [ 140 ]
The tense and mood of the verb used in a temporal clause can affect the meaning. For example, cum vēnisset (pluperfect subjunctive) means "after he came", but cum vēnerat (pluperfect indicative) means "whenever he came". Or again, dum venit (present indicative) means "while he was coming", but dum venīret (imperfect subjunctive) means "until ...