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  2. United States securities regulation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Securities...

    In 1946, the Supreme Court determined three parts to this test that qualifies a transaction as an investment contract: [14] 1. There is an investment of money or assets 2. The investment is in a common enterprise 3. There is a reasonable expectation of profits (or assets) and reasonable reliance on the efforts of others

  3. Procyclical and countercyclical variables - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Procyclical_and...

    Unemployment is an example of a countercyclical variable. [4] Similarly, business failures and stock market prices tend to be countercyclical. In finance, an asset that tends to do well while the economy as a whole is doing poorly is referred to as countercyclical, and could be for example a business or a financial instrument whose value is ...

  4. Convexity (finance) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convexity_(finance)

    Applying Girsanov's theorem [1] allows expressing the dynamics of the modeled financial variables under the pricing measure and therefore estimating this convexity adjustment. Typical examples of convexity adjustments include: Quanto options: the underlying is denominated in a currency different from the payment currency. If the discounted ...

  5. Return on capital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Return_on_capital

    ROIC = ⁠ NOPAT / Average Invested Capital ⁠ There are three main components of this measurement: [2] While ratios such as return on equity and return on assets use net income as the numerator, ROIC uses net operating income after tax (NOPAT), which means that after-tax expenses (income) from financing activities are added back to (deducted from) net income.

  6. XVA - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XVA

    FVA, Funding Valuation Adjustment, due to the funding implications of a trade that is not under Credit Support Annex (CSA), or is under a partial CSA; essentially the funding cost or benefit due to the difference (variation margin) between the funding rate of the bank's treasury and the collateral rate paid by a clearing house.

  7. Investment - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Investment

    For example, although it is reasonable for a telecommunications stock to show a P/E in the low teens, in the case of hi-tech stock, a P/E in the 40s range is not unusual. When making comparisons, the P/E ratio can give you a refined view of a particular stock valuation.

  8. Taxpayers will get higher standard deductions in 2025, IRS ...

    www.aol.com/taxpayers-higher-standard-deductions...

    In tax adjustments announced last year, for example, the IRS raised single filers’ standard deduction by $750 between the 2023 and 2024 tax years — and by $1,500 and $1,100 for married couples ...

  9. Cost of capital - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cost_of_capital

    Given a number of competing investment opportunities, investors are expected to put their capital to work in order to maximize the return. In other words, the cost of capital is the rate of return that capital could be expected to earn in the best alternative investment of equivalent risk; this is the opportunity cost of capital. If a project ...