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In linear algebra, an involution is a linear operator T on a vector space, such that T 2 = I. Except for in characteristic 2, such operators are diagonalizable for a given basis with just 1 s and −1 s on the diagonal of the corresponding matrix. If the operator is orthogonal (an orthogonal involution), it is orthonormally diagonalizable.
An involution is non-defective, and each eigenvalue equals , so an involution diagonalizes to a signature matrix. A normal involution is Hermitian (complex) or symmetric (real) and also unitary (complex) or orthogonal (real). The determinant of an involutory matrix over any field is ±1. [4]
If A represents a linear involution, then x→A(x−b)+b is an affine involution. One can check that any affine involution in fact has this form. Geometrically this means that any affine involution can be obtained by taking oblique reflections against any number from 0 through n hyperplanes going through a point b.
For instance, linear algebra duality corresponds in this way to bilinear maps from pairs of vector spaces to scalars, the duality between distributions and the associated test functions corresponds to the pairing in which one integrates a distribution against a test function, and Poincaré duality corresponds similarly to intersection number ...
Functional analysis applies the methods of linear algebra alongside those of mathematical analysis to study various function spaces; the central objects of study in functional analysis are L p spaces, which are Banach spaces, and especially the L 2 space of square-integrable functions, which is the only Hilbert space among them. Functional ...
A constant function is also considered linear in this context, as it is a polynomial of degree zero or is the zero polynomial. Its graph, when there is only one variable, is a horizontal line. In this context, a function that is also a linear map (the other meaning) may be referred to as a homogeneous linear function or a linear form.
He explained that the scientists also “demonstrated that these early tau aggregates disrupt neuronal function in mouse brain tissue, suggesting their role in cognitive decline.”
In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, a C ∗-algebra (pronounced "C-star") is a Banach algebra together with an involution satisfying the properties of the adjoint. A particular case is that of a complex algebra A of continuous linear operators on a complex Hilbert space with two additional properties:
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