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  2. List of states of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_of_matter

    Matter organizes into various phases or states of matter depending on its constituents and external factors like pressure and temperature. Except at extreme temperatures and pressures, atoms form the three classical states of matter: solid, liquid and gas.

  3. State of matter - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_matter

    Forms of matter that are not composed of molecules and are organized by different forces can also be considered different states of matter. Superfluids (like Fermionic condensate) and the quark–gluon plasma are examples. In a chemical equation, the state of matter of the chemicals may be shown as (s) for solid, (l) for liquid, and (g) for gas.

  4. Bose–Einstein condensate - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bose–Einstein_condensate

    At one point, when the overlap becomes significant, a macroscopic number of particles condense into the ground state. In condensed matter physics, a Bose–Einstein condensate (BEC) is a state of matter that is typically formed when a gas of bosons at very low densities is cooled to temperatures very close to absolute zero, i.e., 0 K (−273.15 ...

  5. Quark–gluon plasma - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quark–gluon_plasma

    Experimental groups are probing over a 'large' distance the (de)confining quantum vacuum structure, which determines prevailing form of matter and laws of nature. The experiments give insight to the origin of matter and mass: the matter and antimatter is created when the quark–gluon plasma 'hadronizes' and the mass of matter originates in the ...

  6. Superfluid helium-4 - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Superfluid_helium-4

    When used in conjunction with helium-3, temperatures as low as 40 mK are routinely achieved in extreme low temperature experiments. The helium-3, in liquid state at 3.2 K, can be evaporated into the superfluid helium-4, where it acts as a gas due to the latter's properties as a Bose–Einstein condensate.

  7. Supersolid - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersolid

    A supersolid is a special quantum state of matter where particles form a rigid, spatially ordered structure, but also flow with zero viscosity.This is in contradiction to the intuition that flow, and in particular superfluid flow with zero viscosity, is a property exclusive to the fluid state, e.g., superconducting electron and neutron fluids, gases with Bose–Einstein condensates, or ...

  8. Neutrino oscillation - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation

    The probability of measuring a particular flavor for a neutrino varies between three known states, as it propagates through space. [ 1 ] First predicted by Bruno Pontecorvo in 1957, [ 2 ] [ 3 ] neutrino oscillation has since been observed by a multitude of experiments in several different contexts.

  9. Timeline of states of matter and phase transitions - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_states_of...

    2000 – CERN announced quark-gluon plasma, a new phase of matter. [28] 2023 – Physicists from US and China discovered a new state of matter called the chiral bose-liquid state [29] 2024 – Harvard researchers working with Quantinuum announced a new phase of matter non-Abelian topological order [30]

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