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Surfaces that occur in two of the main theorems of vector calculus, Stokes' theorem and the divergence theorem, are frequently given in a parametric form. The curvature and arc length of curves on the surface, surface area , differential geometric invariants such as the first and second fundamental forms, Gaussian , mean , and principal ...
A graph of the vector-valued function r(z) = 2 cos z, 4 sin z, z indicating a range of solutions and the vector when evaluated near z = 19.5. A common example of a vector-valued function is one that depends on a single real parameter t, often representing time, producing a vector v(t) as the result.
which can be interpreted geometrically as giving the slope of the tangent to the graph of the differential equation's solution (integral curve) at each point (x, y) as a function of the point coordinates. [3] It can be viewed as a creative way to plot a real-valued function of two real variables (,) as a
In kinematics, objects' paths through space are commonly described as parametric curves, with each spatial coordinate depending explicitly on an independent parameter (usually time). Used in this way, the set of parametric equations for the object's coordinates collectively constitute a vector-valued function for position.
In mathematics and its applications, the signed distance function or signed distance field (SDF) is the orthogonal distance of a given point x to the boundary of a set Ω in a metric space (such as the surface of a geometric shape), with the sign determined by whether or not x is in the interior of Ω.
Fix a curve : [,] with () = and () =. to parallel transport a vector to a vector in along , first extend to a vector field parallel along , and then take the value of this vector field at . The images below show parallel transport induced by the Levi-Civita connection associated to two different Riemannian metrics on the punctured plane R 2 ∖ ...
A simple example of such a problem is to find the curve of shortest length connecting two points. If there are no constraints, the solution is a straight line between the points. However, if the curve is constrained to lie on a surface in space, then the solution is less obvious, and possibly many solutions may exist.
Another method of deriving vector and tensor derivative identities is to replace all occurrences of a vector in an algebraic identity by the del operator, provided that no variable occurs both inside and outside the scope of an operator or both inside the scope of one operator in a term and outside the scope of another operator in the same term ...