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2. Caustic (optics) - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caustic_(optics)

   This is done by solving an inverse optimization problem based on optimal transport. [ 13 ] [ 14 ] Given a reference image of an object/pattern, the target is to formulate the mathematical description of the material surface through which light refracts and converges to the similar pattern of the reference image.

3. Optics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optics

   Optics is the branch of physics that studies the behaviour and properties of light, including its interactions with matter and the construction of instruments that use or detect it. [1] Optics usually describes the behaviour of visible , ultraviolet , and infrared light.

4. Illumination problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illumination_problem

   Roger Penrose's solution of the illumination problem using elliptical arcs (blue) and straight line segments (green), with 3 positions of the single light source (red spot). The purple crosses are the foci of the larger arcs. Lit and unlit regions are shown in yellow and grey respectively.

5. Quantum optics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_optics

   Quantum optics is a branch of atomic, molecular, and optical physics and quantum chemistry dealing with how individual quanta of light, known as photons, interact with atoms and molecules. It includes the study of the particle-like properties of photons.

6. Geometrical optics - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrical_optics

   A light ray is a line or curve that is perpendicular to the light's wavefronts (and is therefore collinear with the wave vector). A slightly more rigorous definition of a light ray follows from Fermat's principle , which states that the path taken between two points by a ray of light is the path that can be traversed in the least time.

7. Mathematical problem - Wikipedia

   en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical_problem

   A mathematical problem is a problem that can be represented, analyzed, and possibly solved, with the methods of mathematics. This can be a real-world problem, such as computing the orbits of the planets in the solar system, or a problem of a more abstract nature, such as Hilbert's problems .