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The equivalent resistance R th is the resistance that the circuit between terminals A and B would have if all ideal voltage sources in the circuit were replaced by a short circuit and all ideal current sources were replaced by an open circuit (i.e., the sources are set to provide zero voltages and currents).
The Norton resistance R no is found by calculating the output voltage V o produced at A and B with no resistance or load connected to, then R no = V o / I no; equivalently, this is the resistance between the terminals with all (independent) voltage sources short-circuited and independent current sources open-circuited (i.e., each independent ...
The DC wire resistance is an important parameter in transformer and general inductor design because it contributes to the impedance of the component, and current flowing through that resistance is dissipated as waste heat, and energy is lost from the circuit. It can be modeled as a resistor in series with the inductor, often leading to the DC ...
A single impedance has two terminals to connect to the outside world, hence can be described as a 2-terminal, or a one-port, network.Despite the simple description, there is no limit to the number of meshes, [note 6] and hence complexity and number of elements, that the impedance network may have.
Figure 4. These circuits are equivalent: (A) A resistor at nonzero temperature with internal thermal noise; (B) Its Thévenin equivalent circuit: a noiseless resistor in series with a noise voltage source; (C) Its Norton equivalent circuit: a noiseless resistance in parallel with a noise current source.
The total resistance of this parallel arrangement is expressed by the following equation: 1/R total = 1/R a + 1/R b + ... + 1/R n. R a, R b, and R n are the resistances of the renal, hepatic, and other arteries respectively. The total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries. [3]
If the resistance is not constant, the previous equation cannot be called Ohm's law, but it can still be used as a definition of static/DC resistance. [4] Ohm's law is an empirical relation which accurately describes the conductivity of the vast majority of electrically conductive materials over many orders of magnitude of current.
Measuring ESR can be done by applying an alternating voltage at a frequency at which the capacitor's reactance is negligible, in a voltage divider configuration. It is easy to check ESR well enough for troubleshooting by using an improvised ESR meter comprising a simple square-wave generator and oscilloscope, or a sinewave generator of a few tens of kilohertz and an AC voltmeter, using a known ...