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  2. Substitution cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution_cipher

    In cryptography, a substitution cipher is a method of encrypting in which units of plaintext are replaced with the ciphertext, in a defined manner, with the help of a key; the "units" may be single letters (the most common), pairs of letters, triplets of letters, mixtures of the above, and so forth. The receiver deciphers the text by performing ...

  3. Aristocrat Cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristocrat_Cipher

    The Aristocrat Cipher is a type of monoalphabetic substitution cipher in which plaintext is replaced with ciphertext and encoded into assorted letters, numbers, and symbols based on a keyword. The formatting of these ciphers generally includes a title, letter frequency, keyword indicators, and the encoder's nom de plume . [ 1 ]

  4. S-box - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S-box

    In cryptography, an S-box (substitution-box) is a basic component of symmetric key algorithms which performs substitution. In block ciphers, they are typically used to obscure the relationship between the key and the ciphertext, thus ensuring Shannon's property of confusion. Mathematically, an S-box is a nonlinear [1] vectorial Boolean function ...

  5. Beaufort cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_cipher

    travel down that column to find key "m", travel to the left edge of the tableau to find the ciphertext letter ("K" in this case). To decrypt, the process is reversed. Unlike the otherwise very similar Vigenère cipher, the Beaufort cipher is a reciprocal cipher, that is, decryption and encryption algorithms are the same. This obviously reduces ...

  6. Substitution–permutation network - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substitution–permutation...

    This substitution should be one-to-one, to ensure invertibility (hence decryption). In particular, the length of the output should be the same as the length of the input (the picture on the right has S-boxes with 4 input and 4 output bits), which is different from S-boxes in general that could also change the length, as in Data Encryption ...

  7. Known-plaintext attack - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Known-plaintext_attack

    Classical ciphers are typically vulnerable to known-plaintext attack. For example, a Caesar cipher can be solved using a single letter of corresponding plaintext and ciphertext to decrypt entirely. A general monoalphabetic substitution cipher needs several character pairs and some guessing if there are fewer than 26 distinct pairs.

  8. Hill cipher - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill_cipher

    Hill's cipher machine, from figure 4 of the patent. In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra.Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once.

  9. Lucifer (cipher) - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucifer_(cipher)

    Lucifer uses a combination of transposition and substitution crypting as a starting point in decoding ciphers. [clarification needed] One variant, described by Feistel in 1971, [2] uses a 48-bit key and operates on 48-bit blocks. The cipher is a substitution–permutation network and uses two 4-bit S-boxes. The key selects which S-boxes are used.