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The distinction has particular significance in renal physiology and intestinal physiology. Transcellular transport often involves energy expenditure whereas paracellular transport is unmediated and passive down a concentration gradient, [4] or by osmosis (for water) and solvent drag for solutes. [5]
In animals, the main excretory products are carbon dioxide, ammonia (in ammoniotelics), urea (in ureotelics), uric acid (in uricotelics), guanine (in Arachnida), and creatine. The liver and kidneys clear many substances from the blood (for example, in renal excretion ), and the cleared substances are then excreted from the body in the urine and ...
The pronephros is a vital organ in animals that go through the aquatic larval stage. If in larvae the pronephros becomes non-functional, then they rapidly die from edema. [34] The pronephros is a relatively large organ that has a primitive structure and usually consists of a single pair of bilateral nephrons with an external glomerulus or glomus.
Enteral respiration, also referred to as cloacal respiration or intestinal respiration, [1] is a form of respiration in which gas exchange occurs across the epithelia of the enteral system, usually in the caudal cavity .
Sea slugs respire through a gill (or ctenidium). Aquatic respiration is the process whereby an aquatic organism exchanges respiratory gases with water, obtaining oxygen from oxygen dissolved in water and excreting carbon dioxide and some other metabolic waste products into the water.
Aquaporins are "the plumbing system for cells". Water moves through cells in an organized way, most rapidly in tissues that have aquaporin water channels. [28] For many years, scientists assumed that water leaked through the cell membrane, and some water does. However, this did not explain how water could move so quickly through some cells. [28]
This symporter is located in the small intestines, [28] heart, [29] and brain. [30] It is also located in the S3 segment of the proximal tubule in each nephron in the kidneys. [31] Its mechanism is exploited in glucose rehydration therapy [32] This mechanism uses the absorption of sugar through the walls of the intestine to pull water in along ...
The concave part of the bean-shaped kidneys is called the renal hilum, through which the renal artery and nerves enter the kidney. The renal vein, collecting lymphatic vessels and ureter exit the kidney through the renal hilum. [6] [55] The kidneys are located retroperitoneally [6] on the back wall of the body of mammals. [7]