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  2. Calculus of voting - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calculus_of_voting

    A political science model based on rational choice used to explain why citizens do or do not vote. The alternative equation is V = pB + D > C. Where for voting to occur the (P)robability the vote will matter "times" the (B)enefit of one candidate winning over another combined with the feeling of civic (D)uty, must be greater than the (C)ost of ...

  3. Rational basis review - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rational_basis_review

    Under rational basis review, it is "entirely irrelevant" what end the government is actually seeking and statutes can be based on "rational speculation unsupported by evidence or empirical data". [9] Rather, if the court can merely hypothesize a "legitimate" interest served by the challenged action, it will withstand rational basis review. [10]

  4. Intermediate scrutiny - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intermediate_scrutiny

    The other levels are typically referred to as rational basis review (least rigorous) and strict scrutiny (most rigorous). In order to overcome the intermediate scrutiny test, it must be shown that the law or policy being challenged furthers an important government interest by means that are substantially related to that interest. [1] [2]

  5. Social choice theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_choice_theory

    A social choice function, sometimes called a voting system in the context of politics, is a rule that takes an individual's complete and transitive preferences over a set of outcomes and returns a single chosen outcome (or a set of tied outcomes). We can think of this subset as the winners of an election, and compare different social choice ...

  6. Decision theory - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decision_theory

    The mythological judgement of Paris required selecting from three incomparable alternatives (the goddesses shown).. Decision theory or the theory of rational choice is a branch of probability, economics, and analytic philosophy that uses the tools of expected utility and probability to model how individuals would behave rationally under uncertainty.

  7. What will happen to Social Security under Trump’s tax plan?

    www.aol.com/finance/happen-social-security-under...

    Trump’s plan to eliminate taxes on Social Security benefits would help current beneficiaries, but future recipients may be hurt by the move.

  8. Cher Says She Was 'Shocked' to Find Out Her Legal Name After ...

    www.aol.com/lifestyle/cher-says-she-shocked-her...

    Cher made an unexpected discovery when she began the process of legally changing her name.. In her new memoir Cher: The Memoir, Part One, which was released on Nov. 19, the 78-year-old music ...

  9. The Calculus of Consent - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Calculus_of_Consent

    The authors analyze the traditional political science approach to voting systems, including majority voting as the standard as opposed to the unanimity rule. They show that none of those systems is perfect, since there is always a tradeoff: a simple majority-based system imposes varying amounts of both external costs and decision-making costs