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In organic and physical organic chemistry, Clar's rule is an empirical rule that relates the chemical stability of a molecule to its aromaticity.It was introduced in 1972 by the Austrian organic chemist Erich Clar in his book The Aromatic Sextet.
The first, which was proposed by Kekulé in 1865, later proved to be closest to the true structure of benzene. This structure inspired several others to draw structures that were consistent with benzene's empirical formula; for example, Ladenburg proposed prismane, Dewar proposed Dewar benzene, and Koerner and Claus proposed Claus' benzene ...
Stability: Stable, but very flammable Melting point: 5.5 C Water solubility: negligible Specific gravity: 0.87 Principal hazards *** Benzene is a carcinogen (cancer-causing agent). *** Very flammable. The pure material, and any solutions containing it, constitute a fire risk. Safe handling
All carbon–carbon bonds in benzene are chemically equivalent. In MO theory this is a direct consequence of the fact that the three molecular π orbitals combine and evenly spread the extra six electrons over six carbon atoms. Structure of benzene. In molecules such as methane, CH
Two different resonance forms of benzene (top) combine to produce an average structure (bottom). In organic chemistry, aromaticity is a chemical property describing the way in which a conjugated ring of unsaturated bonds, lone pairs, or empty orbitals exhibits a stabilization stronger than would be expected by the stabilization of conjugation alone.
Contributing structures of the carbonate ion. In chemistry, resonance, also called mesomerism, is a way of describing bonding in certain molecules or polyatomic ions by the combination of several contributing structures (or forms, [1] also variously known as resonance structures or canonical structures) into a resonance hybrid (or hybrid structure) in valence bond theory.
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7), which is protonated benzene. Two hydrogen atoms bonded to one carbon lie in a plane perpendicular to the benzene ring. [ 4 ] The arenium ion is no longer an aromatic species; however it is relatively stable due to delocalization: the positive charge is delocalized over 3 carbon atoms by the pi system , as depicted on the following resonance ...