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The first soil resistance measuring instrument was invented in the 1950s by Evershed & Vignoles Meggers who made the first insulation and earth resistance testers. [2] One of the most used analog grounding testers in USSR were М416. [3] From the 21st century several companies produced digital earth resistance meters and testers.
Single-wire earth return (SWER) or single-wire ground return is a single-wire transmission line which supplies single-phase electric power from an electrical grid to remote areas at lowest cost. The earth (or sometimes a body of water) is used as the return path for the current, to avoid the need for a second wire (or neutral wire ) to act as a ...
Fluke Corporation is an American manufacturer of industrial test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment, including electronic test equipment. It was started in 1948 by John Fluke while he was employed at General Electric .
In most systems, metal probes (electrodes) are inserted into the ground to obtain a reading of the local electrical resistance. A variety of probe configurations are used, most having four probes, often mounted on a rigid frame. In these systems, two of the probes, called current probes, are used to introduce a current (either direct or low ...
A GCM or ground continuity monitor (also called a ground integrity monitor or ground continuity tester) is an electrical safety device that monitors the impedance to ground of a temporary electrical circuit and can provide indication (or protective trip) in the event impedance rises to an unsafe value. A GCM is either an external testing device ...
It is important to note this action occurs regardless of whether there is a connection to the physical ground (earth); the earth itself has no role in this fault-clearing process [4] since current must return to its source; however, the sources are very frequently connected to the physical ground (earth). [5] (see Kirchhoff's circuit laws). By ...
The "local" earth/ground electrode provides "system grounding" [13] at each building where it is installed. The "Grounded" current carrying conductor is the system "neutral". [clarification needed] Australian and New Zealand standards use a modified protective multiple earthing (PME [14]) system called multiple earthed neutral (MEN).
The National Electrical Code (NEC) specifies that the black conductor represent the hot conductor, with significant voltage to earth ground; the white conductor represent the identified or neutral conductor, near ground potential; [11] and the bare/green conductor, the safety grounding conductor not normally used to carry circuit current.