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Mydriasis is the dilation of the pupil, usually having a non-physiological cause, [3] or sometimes a physiological pupillary response. [4] Non-physiological causes of mydriasis include disease , trauma , or the use of certain types of drug .
Dilation and constriction of the pupil. Pupillary response is a physiological response that varies the size of the pupil, via the optic and oculomotor cranial nerve.. A constriction response (), [1] is the narrowing of the pupil, which may be caused by scleral buckles or drugs such as opiates/opioids or anti-hypertension medications.
Mydriasis [Note 9] Atonic colon; Seizure [Note 10] Agitation (restlessness) Stably and for life, alters natural processes in the biological systems of the mitochondria of the nervous system. [6] [7] Inhibits the efficiency of the electron transport chain. [8] [9] Pain at the injection site; Injection site abscess
Tropicamide is an antimuscarinic drug that produces short acting mydriasis (dilation of the pupil) and cycloplegia [7] when applied as eye drops. It is used to allow better examination of the lens, vitreous humor, and retina.
The most common agents used to dilate the pupil are phenylephrine (2.5% in pediatrics or 10% in adults) and tropicamide (0.5% or 1%). While phenylephrine stimulates receptors that contract the dilator muscle of the pupil, [6] tropicamide blocks stimulation of the pupillary sphincter muscle to allow for relaxation. [7]
Topical atropine is used as a cycloplegic, to temporarily paralyze the accommodation reflex, and as a mydriatic, to dilate the pupils. [15] Atropine degrades slowly, typically wearing off in 7 to 14 days, so it is generally used as a therapeutic mydriatic, whereas tropicamide (a shorter-acting cholinergic antagonist) or phenylephrine (an α-adrenergic agonist) is preferred as an aid to ...
Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST) is the formation of a blood clot within the cavernous sinus, a cavity at the base of the brain which drains deoxygenated blood from the brain back to the heart.
Opioids such as fentanyl, morphine, heroin and methadone (the notable exception being pethidine); Products containing nicotine such as cigarettes, chewing tobacco or gum ...