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The Reformation, also known as the Protestant Reformation and the European Reformation, [1] was a major theological movement or period or series of events in Western Christianity in 16th-century Northwestern Europe that posed a religious and political challenge to the papacy and the authority of the Catholic Church.
The English Reformation took place in 16th-century England when the Church of England broke away first from the authority of the Pope and bishops over the King and then from some doctrines and practices of the Catholic Church. The English Reformation began as more of a political affair than a theological dispute.
Causes of the Italian Reformation were diverse: the precociousness of humanism, associated with the Italian revival; the rule of foreign powers (e.g. Spain in southern Italy, the Holy Roman Empire in the North), which were propagating other forms of Catholicism contrary to the Italian tradition; need of a deeper and more personal relation with God; a defence of Italian democratic and ...
The European wars of religion are also known as the Wars of the Reformation. [ 1 ] [ 8 ] [ 9 ] [ 10 ] In 1517, Martin Luther 's Ninety-five Theses took only two months to spread throughout Europe with the help of the printing press, overwhelming the abilities of Holy Roman Emperor Charles V and the papacy to contain it.
Other Protestant movements grew up along lines of mysticism or humanism (cf. Erasmus), sometimes breaking from Rome or from the Protestants, or forming outside of the churches. Huldrych Zwingli launched the Reformation in Switzerland. Iconoclasm was caused by the Protestant rejection of the Roman Catholic saints. Zürich, 1524.
Thereafter, radicalism found a refuge in the Anabaptist movement and other religious movements, while Luther's Reformation flourished under the wing of the secular powers. [107] In 1526 Luther wrote: "I, Martin Luther, have during the rebellion slain all the peasants, for it was I who ordered them to be struck dead." [108]
Reformation CEO Hali Borenstein is leading the 15-year-old apparel company through its adolescence. The period can be awkward for brands—especially those that came of age in the direct-to ...
The movement's language at the time included phrases such as "religious reformation," the "present reformation," the "current reformation" and "the cause of reformation." [ 10 ] The term "Restoration Movement" became popular by the late 19th century. [ 10 ]