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Several studies found only weak signs of adaptive evolution early in the COVID-19 pandemic. [c] Kang et al. wrote that SARS-CoV-2 had exhibited relatively little genetic variation by 2021. [47] Tai et al. wrote that population expansion rather than positive selection explained the mutation frequency spectrum during the early pandemic. [49]
Coronaviruses: These respiratory viruses are responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic as well as other diseases including MERS, which was first reported in 2012, and SARS, which caused a global ...
The earliest reports of a coronavirus infection in animals occurred in the late 1920s, when an acute respiratory infection of domesticated chickens emerged in North America. [15] Arthur Schalk and M.C. Hawn in 1931 made the first detailed report which described a new respiratory infection of chickens in North Dakota.
[b] The COVID-19 pandemic also saw the emergence of misinformation and conspiracy theories, [39] and highlighted weaknesses in the U.S. public health system. [17] [40] [41] In the United States, there have been 103,436,829 [3] confirmed cases of COVID-19 with 1,210,067 [3] confirmed deaths, the most of any country, and the 17th highest per ...
multiple bacteria Bacterial meningitis: Lumbar puncture (contraindicated if there is a mass in the brain or the intracranial pressure is elevated), CT or MRI Antibiotics No multiple bacteria Bacterial pneumonia: Sputum Gram stain and culture, Chest radiography Antibiotics No List of bacterial vaginosis microbiota: Bacterial vaginosis
Coronavirus diseases are caused by viruses in the coronavirus subfamily, a group of related RNA viruses that cause diseases in mammals and birds. In humans and birds, the group of viruses cause respiratory tract infections that can range from mild to lethal.
Scanning electron micrograph of SARS virions. Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) is the disease caused by SARS-CoV-1. It causes an often severe illness and is marked initially by systemic symptoms of muscle pain, headache, and fever, followed in 2–14 days by the onset of respiratory symptoms, [13] mainly cough, dyspnea, and pneumonia.
The betacoronaviruses of the greatest clinical importance concerning humans are OC43 and HKU1 (which can cause the common cold) of lineage A, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2 (the causes of SARS and COVID-19 respectively) of lineage B, [2] and MERS-CoV (the cause of MERS) of lineage C. MERS-CoV is the first betacoronavirus belonging to lineage C that ...