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Homosexual behaviour is demonstrated by 120 known species of birds. [40] While an uptick in research on bird homosexuality – and animal homosexuality in general – has been coming out in recent years, it's common for some authors to labour in articulating the view any root cause or function of bird homosexuality is poorly understood.
Recognizing the difficulty in studying emotion in non-verbal animals, Paul et al. demonstrate possible ways to better examine this. Observing the mechanisms that function in human emotion expression, Paul et al. suggest that concentration on similar mechanisms in animals can provide clear insights into the animal experience.
Haemophilia (British English), or hemophilia (American English) [6] (from Ancient Greek αἷμα (haîma) 'blood' and φιλία (philía) 'love of'), [7] is a mostly inherited genetic disorder that impairs the body's ability to make blood clots, a process needed to stop bleeding.
Hemophilia is much more common in males than females because males are hemizygous. They only have one copy of the gene in question and therefore express the trait when they inherit one mutant allele. In contrast, a female must inherit two mutant alleles, a less frequent event since the mutant allele is rare in the population.
It can be caused by autoimmune destruction (lymphocytic thyroiditis) or idiopathic atrophy of the thyroid gland. [101] These two causes are responsible for over 95% of the hypothyroidism cases in dogs. [102] Signs include decreased appetite, weight gain, hair loss, dry skin/coat, skin that is cold to the touch, recurring skin infections, and ...
Its use in animal studies has been controversial for two main reasons: animal sexuality and motivating factors have been and remain poorly understood, and the term has strong cultural implications in western society that are irrelevant for species other than humans. [12] Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years.
Looking into the genetic determinants of human sex can have wide-ranging consequences. Scientists have been studying different sex determination systems in fruit flies and animal models to attempt an understanding of how the genetics of sexual differentiation can influence biological processes like reproduction, ageing [24] and disease.
Animals avoid inbreeding only rarely. [2] Inbreeding results in homozygosity which can increase the chances of offspring being affected by recessive traits. [3] In extreme cases, this usually leads to at least temporarily decreased biological fitness of a population [4] [5] (called inbreeding depression), which is its ability to survive and ...