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Anesthesia is required for many surgical procedures which require the patient to be immobile, unaware, and without pain. Furthermore, anesthesia aims to minimize the surgical stress response. [2] In addition, certain diagnostic procedures require anesthesia, notably stomach or airway endoscopy, bone marrow sampling, and occasionally ultrasound ...
Local anaesthetic is used routinely for dental procedures in oral surgery, restorative, periodontal, and prosthetic dentistry. Infiltration injections are a safe and effective method for dealing with daily dental procedures and dental pain. [4] Nevertheless, some complications can arise from infiltrations.
Adverse effects are dose-dependent and include sedation and extrapyramidal symptoms. Medications include promethazine, chlorpromazine and prochlorperazine. Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptor antagonists prevent an emetic signal from being transmitted. Medications include aprepitant and rolapitant.
Dental anaesthesia can present with many complications such as occlusal complications. There are many forms of dental anaesthesia that can cause these issues for example an Inferior Dental Block (IDB). Most commonly, ocular complications will present on the same side of the face where the injection was given.
These include allergic reactions, over-sedation, respiratory depression, and hemodynamic effects. These typically depend on the sedative agent used. Some agents are more likely to cause complications than others, but all sedative agents can cause complications if not used properly. Titration is a common technique used to reduce these complications.
Total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) refers to the intravenous administration of anesthetic agents to induce a temporary loss of sensation or awareness. The first study of TIVA was done in 1872 using chloral hydrate , [ 1 ] and the common anesthetic agent propofol was licensed in 1986.
Any deviation from the normal values should prompt the dental clinician to lighten the sedation.The dental clinician can recognise and deal with the following sedation related complications: Vasovagal attack (faint). It is more common in severely anxious patients and can be indicated by nausea and vomiting, pallor and a rapid pulse.
The depth of anesthesia can be changed and recovered if some unexpected situation occurs during surgery. [13] Although inhaled anesthetics will cause an unconscious state in which cats and dogs will not recall or perceive pain, the depth of anesthesia may not prevent the variety of reflex reactions to harmful stimuli during the operation. [13]