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This information is used to make evidence-based decisions regarding vaccines and immunization policies. [ 1 ] [ 2 ] The majority of industrialized countries, as well as some developing countries, have formally established advisory committees to guide their immunization policies, while other countries are working towards establishing such ...
Number needed to vaccinate (NNV) is a metric used in the evaluation of vaccines, [1] [2] [3] and in the determination of vaccination policy. It is defined as the average number of patients that must be vaccinated to prevent one case of disease. It is a specific application of the number needed to treat metric (NNT).
A Vaccine Information Statement (VIS) is a document designed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) to provide information to a patient receiving a vaccine in the United States. The National Childhood Vaccine Injury Act requires that medical professionals provide a VIS to patients before receiving certain vaccinations.
Human challenge studies have ethical considerations because participants are often at risk of serious adverse effects, including death. There are many examples of trials that were problematic or abusive, such as trials on captives under the Nazi regime in Germany or trials with questionable consent procedures in Guatemala by U.S. doctor John Charles Cutler, who also conducted the Tuskegee ...
The authors pointed to Kennedy’s opposition to the measles, mumps and rubella vaccine and the polio vaccine. Kennedy is a leading proponent of the discredited theory that childhood vaccines ...
For most vaccines, specific processes in technology are patented. These can be circumvented by alternative manufacturing methods, but this required R&D infrastructure and a suitably skilled workforce. In the case of a few relatively new vaccines, such as the human papillomavirus vaccine, the patents may impose an additional barrier. [124]
The FDA requires that all new vaccines first be tested in laboratory settings and on animals, [2] and must then carry out a series of increasingly stringent tests in human subjects. [3] Once vaccines are introduced to the market, the FDA regularly inspects their production facilities, tests their quality, and receives reports of adverse reactions.
Rep. Garret Graves, a Republican from Louisiana who spearheaded the bill, said, "People should receive benefits based on what they paid into the system. That's what the formula should largely be ...