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The sourses of polyphonic polysemous characters include: [19] The extension of word meanings. The pronunciation of some extended meaning is different from the pronunciation of the original meaning. For example: 背: refers to the back (of a person), pronounced bèi; when extended to the verb 背 (carry on the back), it is pronounced bēi.
In contrast, a character entity reference refers to a character by the name of an entity which has the desired character as its replacement text. The entity must either be predefined (built into the markup language) or explicitly declared in a Document Type Definition (DTD). The format is the same as for any entity reference: &name;
The meaning of a single-character word is its character meaning. The meaning of a multi-character word is generally derived from the meanings of the characters. The relationships between the meaning of a compound word and of its characters are categorized as follows: [70] Synonyms (A + B = A = B), such as 聲音; 'sound' = 聲; 'sound' = 音 ...
The difference in pronunciation and meaning indicates homograph elements in false friends. This supports the fact that the Japanese language was developed from literary Chinese. [4] While writing contexts, some characters might seem familiar to the writers, and they tend to assume they have similar meaning across different cultures.
1935) presents three principles of character function adapted from earlier proposals by Tang Lan (1901–1979) and Chen Mengjia (1911–1966), [13] with semantographs describing all characters whose forms are wholly related to their meaning, regardless of the method by which the meaning was originally depicted, phonographs that include a ...
Similarly, in the chữ Nôm script used for Vietnamese until the early 20th century, some Chinese characters could represent both a Sino-Vietnamese word and a native Vietnamese word with similar meaning or sound to the Chinese word, but would often be marked with a diacritic when the native reading was intended. [19]
This dual meaning-sound reading of a character is called eumhun (음훈; 音訓; from 音 'sound' + 訓 'meaning,' 'teaching'). The word or words used to denote the meaning are often—though hardly always—words of native Korean (i.e., non-Chinese) origin, and are sometimes archaic words no longer commonly used.
The list is sorted by Japanese reading (on'yomi in katakana, then kun'yomi in hiragana), in accordance with the ordering in the official Jōyō table. This list does not include characters that were present in older versions of the list but have since been removed (勺, 銑, 脹, 錘, 匁).