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As of 6 August 2012, the cost of a test cartridge in countries eligible for concessional pricing is $9.98 USD. [ 11 ] [ 12 ] [ 13 ] As of 30 June 2013, 1,402 GeneXpert systems (comprising 7553 modules) and >3 million Xpert MTB/RIF cartridges had been procured in 88 of the 145 countries under concessional pricing.
Styblo refined "a treatment system of checks and balances that provided high cure rates at a cost affordable for most developing countries." This increased the proportion of people cured of TB from 40% to nearly 80%, costing up to $10 per life saved and $3 per new infection avoided.
Management of tuberculosis refers to techniques and procedures utilized for treating tuberculosis (TB), or simply a treatment plan for TB.. The medical standard for active TB is a short course treatment involving a combination of isoniazid, rifampicin (also known as Rifampin), pyrazinamide, and ethambutol for the first two months.
The medical history includes obtaining the symptoms of pulmonary TB: productive, prolonged cough of three or more weeks, chest pain, and hemoptysis.Systemic symptoms include low grade remittent fever, chills, night sweats, appetite loss, weight loss, easy fatiguability, and production of sputum that starts out mucoid but changes to purulent. [1]
The test was first developed and described by the German physician Felix Mendel in 1908. [2] It is named after Charles Mantoux, a French physician who built on the work of Koch and Clemens von Pirquet to create his test in 1907. However, the test was unreliable due to impurities in tuberculin which tended to cause false results. [3]
A sputum culture is a test to detect and identify bacteria [1] or fungi that infect the lungs or breathing passages. Sputum is a thick fluid produced in the lungs and in the adjacent airways. Normally, fresh morning sample is preferred for the bacteriological examination of sputum. [ 2 ]
Winter brings less daylight and colder temperatures, which can disrupt sleep. Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is more common in winter due to the lack of sunlight, causing sleep disturbances.
The Global price level, as reported by the World Bank, is a way to compare the cost of living between different countries. It's measured using Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs), which help us understand how much money is needed to buy the same things in different places. Price level indexes (PLIs), with the world average set at 100, are ...