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About 20–30% of children or adults with selective mutism have speech or language disorders that add stress to situations in which the child is expected to speak. [19] In the DSM-4, the term “elective mutism” was changed to “selective mutism.” This name change intended to deemphasize this refusal and oppositional aspect of the disorder.
Speech-language pathologists (SLPs) may provide individual therapy for the child to assist with speech production problems such as stuttering. They may consult with the child's teacher about ways in which the child might be accommodated in the classroom, or modifications that might be made in instruction or environment.
The two primary pivotal areas of pivotal response therapy are motivation and self-initiated activities. Three others are self-management, [10] empathy, and the ability to respond to multiple signals, or cues. Play environments are used to teach pivotal skills, such as turn-taking, communication, and language.
Pausing during speaking emphasises the information and this enables the audience to interpret the information correctly. Speaking at approximately 120-150 words per minute (wpm) is a moderate pace for an audience to comprehend information. [7] A varying speaking rate can engage the interest and attention of the audience.
A disfluence or nonfluence is a non-pathological hesitance when speaking, the use of fillers (“like” or “uh”), or the repetition of a word or phrase. This needs to be distinguished from a fluency disorder like stuttering with an interruption of fluency of speech, accompanied by "excessive tension, speaking avoidance, struggle behaviors, and secondary mannerism".
Principles of motor learning theory and intense speech-motor practice seem to be the most effective; Non-speech oral motor therapy is not necessary or sufficient; A multi-sensory approach to therapy may be beneficial: [25] using sign language, pictures, tactile cues, visual prompts, and augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) can be ...
Expressive language disorder is one of the "specific developmental disorders of speech and language" recognized by the tenth edition of the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). As of the eleventh edition (ICD-11, current 1 January 2022), it is considered to be covered by the various categories of developmental language disorder .
Language disorders can also be categorized as developmental or acquired. A developmental language disorder is present at birth while an acquired language disorder occurs at some point after birth. Acquired language disorders can often be attributed to injuries within the brain due to occurrences such as stroke or Traumatic brain injury.