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Haloalkane or alkyl halides are the compounds which have the general formula "RX" where R is an alkyl or substituted alkyl group and X is a halogen (F, Cl, Br, I). Haloalkanes have been known for centuries. Chloroethane was produced in the 15th century. The systematic synthesis of such compounds developed in the 19th century in step with the ...
The classic Finkelstein reaction entails the conversion of an alkyl chloride or an alkyl bromide to an alkyl iodide by treatment with a solution of sodium iodide in acetone. Sodium iodide is soluble in acetone while sodium chloride and sodium bromide are not; [ 3 ] therefore, the reaction is driven toward products by mass action due to the ...
Alkyl chlorides are substituted by softer halides such as the iodide in the Finkelstein reaction. Reaction with other pseudohalides such as azide , cyanide , and thiocyanate are possible as well. In the presence of a strong base, alkyl chlorides undergo dehydrohalogenation to give alkenes or alkynes .
Another proposed mechanism involves single electron transfer with the generation of radicals. In reactions of secondary and tertiary alkyllithium and alkyl halides, radical species were detected by EPR spectroscopy. [9] [6] The mechanistic studies of lithium–halogen exchange are complicated by the formation of aggregates of organolithium species.
Traditionally, the alkylating agents are alkyl halides. Many alkylating agents can be used instead of alkyl halides. For example, enones and epoxides can be used in presence of protons. The reaction typically employs a strong Lewis acid, such as aluminium chloride as catalyst, to increase the electrophilicity of the alkylating agent. [6]
In this method, the sodium or potassium salt of phthalimide is N-alkylated with a primary alkyl halide to give the corresponding N-alkylphthalimide. [8] [9] [10] Upon workup by acidic hydrolysis the primary amine is liberated as the amine salt. [11] Alternatively the workup may be via the Ing–Manske procedure, involving reaction with hydrazine.
This reaction was developed by Alexander Williamson in 1850. [2] Typically it involves the reaction of an alkoxide ion with a primary alkyl halide via an S N 2 reaction. This reaction is important in the history of organic chemistry because it helped prove the structure of ethers. The general reaction mechanism is as follows: [3]
Elimination reaction of cyclohexanol to cyclohexene with sulfuric acid and heat [1] An elimination reaction is a type of organic reaction in which two substituents are removed from a molecule in either a one- or two-step mechanism. [2] The one-step mechanism is known as the E2 reaction, and the two-step mechanism is known as the E1 reaction ...