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A retrospective cohort study, also called a historic cohort study, is a longitudinal cohort study used in medical and psychological research. A cohort of individuals that share a common exposure factor is compared with another group of equivalent individuals not exposed to that factor, to determine the factor's influence on the incidence of a ...
A "prospective cohort" defines the groups before the study is done, while historical studies, which are sometimes referred to as "retrospective cohort", define the grouping after the data is collected. Examples of a retrospective cohort are Long-Term Mortality after Gastric Bypass Surgery [13] and The Lothian Birth Cohort Studies. [14]
Recall bias is of particular concern in retrospective studies that use a case-control design to investigate the etiology of a disease or psychiatric condition. [ 3 ] [ 4 ] [ 5 ] For example, in studies of risk factors for breast cancer , women who have had the disease may search their memories more thoroughly than members of the unaffected ...
Pooled analyses may be either retrospective or prospective. [1] It is often used when the results of individual studies do not allow for a firm conclusion to be drawn. [ 2 ] Unlike meta-analyses, pooled analyses can only be conducted if the included studies used the same study design and statistical models, and if their respective populations ...
Under longitudinal research methods, the reduction in the research sample will bias the remaining smaller sample. [ citation needed ] Practice effect is also one of the problems: longitudinal studies tend to be influenced because subjects repeat the same procedure many times (potentially introducing autocorrelation ), and this may cause their ...
The After Action Review Process is critical to forming an After Action Report. Notes from the review often find themselves in the report. [2] Another example of an After Action Report is the global status reported on road safety. Studies are conducted in order to determine how severe road safety concerns are in a particular area.
Randomized controlled trial [5]. Blind trial [6]; Non-blind trial [7]; Adaptive clinical trial [8]. Platform Trials; Nonrandomized trial (quasi-experiment) [9]. Interrupted time series design [10] (measures on a sample or a series of samples from the same population are obtained several times before and after a manipulated event or a naturally occurring event) - considered a type of quasi ...
Retrospective drug utilization review refers to drug therapy review that after patients have got the medication. [10] The retrospective drug utilization review has a typical process. [12] This is a computer based review. Computer will show data which are in violation of the standard.