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Deliberative democracy or discursive democracy is a form of democracy in which deliberation is central to decision-making. Deliberative democracy seeks quality over quantity by limiting decision-makers to a smaller but more representative sample of the population that is given the time and resources to focus on one issue.
Defensive democracy – a democracy that limits some rights and freedoms in order to protect its existence. Deliberative democracy – in which authentic deliberation, not only voting, is central to legitimate decision making. It adopts elements of both consensus decision-making and majority rule.
A deliberative referendum is a referendum that increases public deliberation through purposeful institutional design. [1]:557 The term "deliberative referendum" stems from deliberative democracy, [2]:509 which emphasises that "the legitimacy of decisions can be increased if...decisions are preceded by authentic deliberation."
In "deliberative democracy", the aim is for both elected officials and the general public to use deliberation rather than power-struggle as the basis for their vote. Individual deliberation is also a description of day-to-day rational decision-making, and as such is an epistemic virtue .
In ancient Athenian democracy, sortition was the traditional and primary method for appointing political officials, and its use was regarded as a principal characteristic of democracy. [5] [6] Sortition is often classified as a method for both direct democracy and deliberative democracy.
With Athenian democracy as the most famous government to use sortition, theorists and politicians have used citizens' assemblies and other forms of deliberative democracy in a variety of modern contexts. [13] [14] As of 2023, the OECD has found their use increasing since 2010. [15] [16]
The news media has treated attacks on democracy as just another partisan debate “Because the news media tries to cover both parties equally critically, the story of U.S. politics today is often ...
Two leading forms of direct democracy are participatory democracy and deliberative democracy. Semi-direct democracies, in which representatives administer day-to-day governance, but the citizens remain the sovereign, allow for three forms of popular action: referendum (plebiscite), initiative , and recall .