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  2. Hindustani verbs - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_verbs

    The meaning conveyed is the doer went somewhere to do something. and came back after completing the action. 1. karnā "to do" 2. nikalnā "to come out" 1. kar ānā "to finish (and come back)", "to do (and return)"; 2. nikal ānā "to escape" cuknā "to have (already) completed something" Shows sense of completeness of an action in the past ...

  3. Hindustani grammar - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindustani_grammar

    Hindustani, the lingua franca of Northern India and Pakistan, has two standardised registers: Hindi and Urdu.Grammatical differences between the two standards are minor but each uses its own script: Hindi uses Devanagari while Urdu uses an extended form of the Perso-Arabic script, typically in the Nastaʿlīq style.

  4. Grammatical tense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_tense

    Imperfect tense verbs represent a past process combined with so called imperfective aspect, that is, they often stand for an ongoing past action or state at a past point in time (see secondary present) or represent habitual actions (see Latin tenses with modality) (e.g. 'he was eating', 'he used to eat'). The perfect tense combines the meanings ...

  5. Imperfective aspect - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperfective_aspect

    Verbs in Hindi-Urdu have their grammatical aspects overtly marked. Periphrastic Hindi-Urdu verb forms (participle verb forms) consist of two elements, the first of these two elements is the aspect marker and the second element (the copula) is the common tense-mood marker. [1]

  6. Past tense - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Past_tense

    The past tense is a grammatical tense whose function is to place an action or situation in the past. Examples of verbs in the past tense include the English verbs sang , went and washed . Most languages have a past tense, with some having several types in order to indicate how far back the action took place.

  7. Irrealis mood - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irrealis_mood

    Past tu oi fi făcut: You must/might have done. Progressive tu oi fi făcând: You must/might be doing. Aspect Tense Sentence Translation Hindi Habitual Present tū kartā hoga abhī: You must/might be doing it now. Past tū kartā hogā pêhlē. You must/might have done it before (habitually in the past). Perfective Present tūnē kiyā hogā ...

  8. Grammatical mood - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grammatical_mood

    It is used in Romanian, Hindi, Gujarati, and Punjabi. In Romanian, the presumptive mood conjugations of the verb vrea are used with the infinitive form of verbs. The present tense and the past tense infinitives are respectively used to form the present and the past tense of the presumptive mood. [11] [12]

  9. List of glossing abbreviations - Wikipedia

    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations

    Grammatical abbreviations are generally written in full or small caps to visually distinguish them from the translations of lexical words. For instance, capital or small-cap PAST (frequently abbreviated to PST) glosses a grammatical past-tense morpheme, while lower-case 'past' would be a literal translation of a word with that meaning.