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The autonomic nervous system is regulated by integrated reflexes through the brainstem to the spinal cord and organs. Autonomic functions include control of respiration, cardiac regulation (the cardiac control center), vasomotor activity (the vasomotor center), and certain reflex actions such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting.
Reflex is an anatomical concept and it refers to a loop consisting, in its simplest form, of a sensory nerve, the input, and a motor nerve, the output. Autonomic does not mean automatic. The term autonomic is an anatomical term and it refers to a type of nervous system in animals and humans that is very primitive.
A list of reflexes in humans. Abdominal reflex; Accommodation reflex — coordinated changes in the vergence, lens shape and pupil size when looking at a distant object after a near object. Acoustic reflex or attenuation reflex — contraction of the stapedius and tensor tympani muscles in the middle ear in response to high sound intensities.
The brain will receive the input while the reflex is being carried out and the analysis of the signal takes place after the reflex action. There are two types: autonomic reflex arc (affecting inner organs) and somatic reflex arc (affecting muscles). Autonomic reflexes sometimes involve the spinal cord and some somatic reflexes are mediated more ...
An example of this includes the retraction of sympathetic neurons due to leptin resistance, which is linked to obesity. [22] Another example, although more research is required, is the observed link that diabetes results in the impairment of synaptic transmission due to the inhibition of acetylcholine receptors as a result of high blood glucose ...
An example of this is when a person steps on a nail: The leg that is stepping on the nail pulls away, while the other leg takes the weight of the whole body. [ 4 ] The crossed extensor reflex is contralateral, meaning the reflex occurs on the opposite side of the body from the stimulus.
This sensory information is used primarily in autonomic reflexes that in turn influence the heart cardiac output and vascular smooth muscle to influence vascular resistance. [1] Baroreceptors act immediately as part of a negative feedback system called the baroreflex [ 2 ] as soon as there is a change from the usual mean arterial blood pressure ...
Usually the onset of the startle response is a startle reflex reaction. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect vulnerable parts, such as the back of the neck (whole-body startle) and the eyes (eyeblink) and facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across many different species ...