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The insulin receptor (IR) is a transmembrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. [5] Metabolically, the insulin receptor plays a key role in the regulation of glucose homeostasis; a functional process that under degenerate conditions may result in a range of clinical manifestations including diabetes and cancer.
Insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) is a signaling adapter protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS1 gene. [5] It is a 180 kDa protein with amino acid sequence of 1242 residues. [ 6 ] It contains a single pleckstrin homology (PH) domain at the N-terminus and a PTB domain ca. 40 residues downstream of this, followed by a poorly conserved C ...
When insulin binds to the insulin receptor, it leads to a cascade of cellular processes that promote the usage or, in some cases, the storage of glucose in the cell. The effects of insulin vary depending on the tissue involved, e.g., insulin is most important in the uptake of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue. [2]
Insulin release is stimulated also by beta-2 receptor stimulation and inhibited by alpha-1 receptor stimulation. In addition, cortisol, glucagon and growth hormone antagonize the actions of insulin during times of stress. Insulin also inhibits fatty acid release by hormone-sensitive lipase in adipose tissue. [8]
Insulin receptor substrate (IRS) is an important ligand in the insulin response of human cells. IRS-1, for example, is an IRS protein that contains a phosphotyrosine binding-domain . In addition, the insulin receptor contains a NPXY motif. The PTB-domain binds the NPXY sequence. Thus, the insulin receptor binds IRS.
The product of this gene is phosphorylated by the insulin receptor tyrosine kinase upon receptor stimulation, as well as by an interleukin 4 receptor-associated kinase in response to IL4 treatment. [6] Mice lacking IRS2 have a diabetic phenotype [7] as well as a 40% reduction in brain mass. [8]
Insulin receptor substrate 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the IRS4 gene. [ 5 ] [ 6 ] [ 7 ] IRS4 encodes the insulin receptor substrate 4, a cytoplasmic protein that contains many potential tyrosine and serine/threonine phosphorylation sites.
3645 23920 Ensembl ENSG00000027644 ENSMUSG00000005640 UniProt P14616 Q9WTL4 RefSeq (mRNA) NM_014215 NM_011832 RefSeq (protein) NP_055030 NP_035962 Location (UCSC) Chr 1: 156.84 – 156.86 Mb Chr 3: 87.7 – 87.72 Mb PubMed search Wikidata View/Edit Human View/Edit Mouse Insulin receptor-related protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the INSRR gene. References ^ a b c GRCh38: Ensembl ...