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This is a great deal of fluid to move, particularly as liquids are more viscous and denser than gases, (for example water is about 850 times the density of air [52]). Any increase in the diver's metabolic activity also increases CO 2 production and the breathing rate, which is already at the limits of realistic flow rates in liquid breathing.
Countercurrent flow occurs when deoxygenated blood moves through the gill in one direction while oxygenated water moves through the gill in the opposite direction. This mechanism maintains the concentration gradient thus increasing the efficiency of the respiration process as well and prevents the oxygen levels from reaching an equilibrium ...
Ventilation is the movement of gas during breathing, and perfusion is the process of pulmonary blood circulation, which delivers oxygen to body tissues. [2] Anatomically, the lung structure, alveolar organization , and alveolar capillaries contribute to the physiological mechanism of ventilation and perfusion. [ 1 ]
The concentration of oxygen in water is lower than air and it diffuses more slowly. In a litre of freshwater the oxygen content is 8 cm 3 per litre compared to 210 in the same volume of air. [7] Water is 777 times more dense than air and is 100 times more viscous. [7] Oxygen has a diffusion rate in air 10,000 times greater than in water. [7]
Real-time magnetic resonance imaging of the human thorax during breathing X-ray video of a female American alligator while breathing. Breathing (spiration [1] or ventilation) is the rhythmical process of moving air into and out of the lungs to facilitate gas exchange with the internal environment, mostly to flush out carbon dioxide and bring in oxygen.
Oxygen saturation (medicine), The percent of hemoglobin saturated by oxygen, usually in arterial blood. Water oxygenation, the process of increasing the oxygen saturation of the water; Dioxygen complex, the chemical details of how metals bind oxygen; Great Oxygenation Event, an ancient event that led to the rise of oxygen within our atmosphere
Water aeration is the process of increasing or maintaining the oxygen saturation of water in both natural and artificial environments. Aeration techniques are commonly used in pond, lake, and reservoir management to address low oxygen levels or algal blooms.
This diagram shows how the hemolymph is circulated throughout the body of a grasshopper. The hemolymph is first pumped through the heart, into the aorta, dispersed into the head and throughout the hemocoel, then back through the ostia that are located in the heart, where the process is repeated.