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The birthday problem can be generalized as follows: Given n random integers drawn from a discrete uniform distribution with range [1,d], what is the probability p(n; d) that at least two numbers are the same? (d = 365 gives the usual birthday problem.) [15] The generic results can be derived using the same arguments given above.
Bertrand's box paradox: A paradox of conditional probability closely related to the Boy or Girl paradox. Bertrand's paradox: Different common-sense definitions of randomness give quite different results. Birthday paradox: In a random group of only 23 people, there is a better than 50/50 chance two of them have the same birthday.
Birthday attack, birthday paradox; Floyd's cycle-finding algorithm; Reduction to linear algebra; Sparsity; Weight function; Minimax algorithm. Alpha–beta pruning; Probabilistic method; Sieve methods; Analytic combinatorics; Symbolic combinatorics; Combinatorial class; Exponential formula; Twelvefold way; MacMahon Master theorem
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Another reason hash collisions are likely at some point in time stems from the idea of the birthday paradox in mathematics. This problem looks at the probability of a set of two randomly chosen people having the same birthday out of n number of people. [5] This idea has led to what has been called the birthday attack.
The problem in Equihash is to find distinct, -bit values ,,..., to satisfy () ()... = such that (...) has leading zeros, where is a chosen hash function. [1] In addition, there are "algorithm binding conditions" which are intended to reduce the risk of other algorithms developed to solve the underlying birthday problem being applicable.
The birthday attack can be modeled as a variation of the balls and bins problem. In this problem: Balls represent inputs to the hash function. Bins represent possible outputs of the hash function (hash values). A collision occurs when two or more balls land in the same bin (i.e., two inputs produce the same hash output).
A lawyer for sex trafficking victims in a ring allegedly run by ex-Abercrombie & Fitch CEO Mike Jeffries has doubts about claims he has dementia.