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In mathematics, a rotation of axes in two dimensions is a mapping from an xy-Cartesian coordinate system to an x′y′-Cartesian coordinate system in which the origin is kept fixed and the x′ and y′ axes are obtained by rotating the x and y axes counterclockwise through an angle .
Dextrorotation and laevorotation (also spelled levorotation) [1] [2] in chemistry and physics are the optical rotation of plane-polarized light.From the point of view of the observer, dextrorotation refers to clockwise or right-handed rotation, and laevorotation refers to counterclockwise or left-handed rotation.
The sum of the entries along the main diagonal (the trace), plus one, equals 4 − 4(x 2 + y 2 + z 2), which is 4w 2. Thus we can write the trace itself as 2w 2 + 2w 2 − 1; and from the previous version of the matrix we see that the diagonal entries themselves have the same form: 2x 2 + 2w 2 − 1, 2y 2 + 2w 2 − 1, and 2z 2 + 2w 2 − 1. So ...
[2]: 2–65 Compounds which rotate the plane of polarization of a beam of plane polarized light clockwise are said to be dextrorotary, and correspond with positive specific rotation values, while compounds which rotate the plane of polarization of plane polarized light counterclockwise are said to be levorotary, and correspond with negative values.
4. Linearly polarized light 5. Sample tube containing chiral molecules under study 6. Optical rotation due to molecules 7. Rotatable linear analyzer 8. Detector. A polarimeter [1] is a scientific instrument used to measure optical rotation: the angle of rotation caused by passing linearly polarized light through an optically active substance. [2]
Then reflect P′ to its image P′′ on the other side of line L 2. If lines L 1 and L 2 make an angle θ with one another, then points P and P′′ will make an angle 2θ around point O, the intersection of L 1 and L 2. I.e., angle ∠ POP′′ will measure 2θ. A pair of rotations about the same point O will be equivalent to another ...
The Shunt equation (also known as the Berggren equation) quantifies the extent to which venous blood bypasses oxygenation in the capillaries of the lung.. “Shunt” and “dead space“ are terms used to describe conditions where either blood flow or ventilation do not interact with each other in the lung, as they should for efficient gas exchange to take place.
The binary degree, also known as the binary radian (or brad), is 1 / 256 turn. [21] The binary degree is used in computing so that an angle can be represented to the maximum possible precision in a single byte. Other measures of angle used in computing may be based on dividing one whole turn into 2 n equal parts for other values of n. [22]