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Chemist Linus Pauling first developed the hybridisation theory in 1931 to explain the structure of simple molecules such as methane (CH 4) using atomic orbitals. [2] Pauling pointed out that a carbon atom forms four bonds by using one s and three p orbitals, so that "it might be inferred" that a carbon atom would form three bonds at right angles (using p orbitals) and a fourth weaker bond ...
Molecular orbital diagram of dioxygen. Oxygen has a similar setup to H 2, but now we consider 2s and 2p orbitals. When creating the molecular orbitals from the p orbitals, the three atomic orbitals split into three molecular orbitals, a singly degenerate σ and a doubly degenerate π orbital.
The orbital wave functions are positive in the red regions and negative in the blue. The right column shows virtual MO's which are empty in the ground state, but may be occupied in excited states. In chemistry, a molecular orbital (/ ɒr b ə d l /) is a mathematical function describing the location and wave-like behavior of an electron in a ...
Date/Time Thumbnail Dimensions User Comment; current: 22:16, 7 January 2015: 430 × 648 (58 KB): Rjlanc: defining z as bond direction with x and y for pi orbitals
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This is a weighted sum of the wavefunctions. Now choose a second hybrid orbital s + √ λ j p j, where p j is directed in some way and λ j is the amount of p character in this second orbital. The value of λ j and direction of p j must be determined so that the resulting orbital can be normalized and so that it is orthogonal to the first ...
The p z orbital is the same as the p 0 orbital, but the p x and p y are formed by taking linear combinations of the p +1 and p −1 orbitals (which is why they are listed under the m = ±1 label). Also, the p +1 and p −1 are not the same shape as the p 0 , since they are pure spherical harmonics .
The dot-and-cross diagram for molecular oxygen in the ground state. The oxygen nuclei are as indicated and the electrons are denoted by either dots or crosses, depending on their relative spins. The above three-dimensional LDQ structures are useful for visualising the molecular structures, but they can be laborious to construct.